Internation Recruitment and Selection Essay Example for Free

Internation Recruitment and Selection Essay The world has been rapidly transforming due to the changes in technology, innovations, and the reduction of trade barriers into and out of countries which have permitted globalization. Due to globalization human resource management has been forced to take a more international approach, and has demonstrated that a more effective management of human resources internationally is imperative for the success of companies in international business (Shen). Therefore international organizations need to understand the roll that plays the international human resource management (IHRM) department, and the importance of adopting an effective recruiting, selecting, and training strategies that will enable the company to select the right talent for the right places. IHRM plays a very important and challenging roll in the international setting of organizations because â€Å"they must develop practices which will maintain congruence with the overall strategic plan of their respective multinational corporations, while balancing the economic, social, political, and legal constraints of the host countries† (Caligiuri). Companies understand that the only way to develop strong and successful global leaders, which are keys to competitive advantage, is through an IHRM department that has a well develop competitive strategy in place. Multinational Corporations (MNCs) like Unilever and Huawei Technologies Co., a Chinese networking and telecommunications supplier, have understood the importance of a well develop IHRM department and have implemented strategies that are aligned with a global approach that support the business operation worldwide (Gartsdie). Based on Heenan and Perlmutter model there are four competitive strategies as well as different training alternatives for global assignees that MNCs can use to develop a successful IHRM approach. The recruitment and selection (staffing) policies which MNCs implement for their foreign subsidiaries will vary greatly for every company, and should be determine accordingly with the IHRM approach the organization is pursuing (Ball). MNCs can be divided in four types based on their management approach and corporate philosophy. The first approach a MNC may consider is the ethnocentric approach which is â€Å"characterized by low pressures for cost reduction and low pressures for local responsiveness† (Ball). Ethnocentric MNCs are not willing to give up the control over foreign subsidiaries, and prefer to place expatriates employees belonging to the home country of the firm, in all key management positions abroad. IHRMs departments that adopt this approach believe that expatriates are more capable than employees of the host country, and they expect that their expatriate managers transfer headquarters’ culture and philosophy to the host nationals (Caligiuri). This approach is normally used by MNCs with primarily international strategic orientations in the early stages of globalization. The advantage of an ethnocentric approach is that it expands the experience of expatriates and prepares them for high level management positions who execute strategic decisions from headquarters. Many expatriates adapt, learn the language, and perform effectively within the host country (Ball). However data suggest that there is a high turnover rate among expatriates because many of them do not have the special set of skills, characteristics, and abilities (e.g. tolerance of ambiguity, adjust quickly, empathy, actively manage social contacts) that are required to be successful in such position (Caligiuri). Because of the previous statement it is imperative that MNCs understand that facilitating proper training and development to the expatriate is a very important part of the IHRM department because it has a major impact on the effectiveness of the expatriate manager and â€Å"research has shown that cross-cultural training is an effective intervention to prevent expatriate failures† (Deller). However MNCs today face a big problem because studies show that only fifty percent of all expatriates receive adequate training (Deller). Another very important aspect to the IHRM department needs to consider when selecting the right candidate under this approach is to keep in mind the impact in the family of the expatriate. The family’s willingness and ability to adjust is of crucial importance for the assignee’s employer and it needs to be address during the staffing process as well. Another disadvantage for this approach is that is more costly for the corporation because it has to offer more incentives to the expatriate (Deller). In the selection process it is the responsibility of the IHRM department to evaluate the efficiency and cross-cultural proficiency of the candidates to ensure the success of this approach. The polycentric staffing policy is a second approach that can be implemented by IHRM departments of MNCs. Under this approach the human resource department will look for host country nationals (HNC) to manage subsidiaries in their own country with some coordination form headquarters (Ball). With this approach IHRM departments do not need to worry about looking for certain skills or characteristics for an international setting because the candidates are employed at the subsidiary level and they do not have language and culture barriers, labor turnover reduces, productivity increase, there are ideal information of industry, legal and political configuration, and the first cost of employing them is less expensive. Also using this approach makes the subsidiary looks less foreign (Caligiuri). However the problem with hiring HCNs is that they are not familiar with the home country of the international company and with its corporate culture, policies, and practices (Ball). The underlying crisis in communication and control between the headquarters and the subsidiary due to language barriers, conflicting national loyalties and differences in personal values may create an inconsistency in the strategic management process that will result in the subsidiary operating as a separate unit. Home country national’s lack of exposure to international assignments and lack of career mobility among HCNs are also some disadvantages of this approach and ultimately will affect the competitive advantage of the MNC (Padala). According to the article of Jie Shein, â€Å"HCNs are included in management development schemes only at the subsidiary level and HCN managers are rarely promoted to senior management positions† (663). When staffing under this approach IHRM departments can choose from hiring HCNs in the home country or HCNs in the host country. Many MNCs have experienced difficulties in hiring high caliber of HCNs managers because of the lack of long-term IHRM planning and training and ineffective international management development (Shen). When the polycentric staffing approach is not adequate the regiocentric staffing approach might be a better option. The regiocentric staffing approach can be used for companies with a regional strategic approach. In this approach employees are selected for key positions within the region the subsidiary is operating, employing a variety of HCNs and third country nationals, TCNs (Ball). From this perspective the communication and integration systems must be highly sophisticated for headquarters to maintain control over the regions however the host national are given the opportunity to manage their own subsidiaries. The likelihood of HNCs career advancement is greater within the region, but still limited in headquarters (Caligiuri). The training and development for this approach are the same as with the polycentric staffing approach. One of the biggest advantages of this approach is that it serves as a bridge for MNCs to gradually move to a geocentric staffing approach. The geocentric staffing approach is used in companies with a transnational strategic orientation. This staffing approach seeks the best people for key jobs throughout the organization, regardless of nationality, selecting the best person for the job, irrespective of nationality is most consistent with the underlying philosophy of a global corporation (Padala). This approach is ideal because the human resource strategy will be the same across all subsidiaries, using the best practices from wherever they might be found across the MNC worldwide networking of operations (Ball). However one of the drawbacks of this approach is that it can be expensive to implement because of increased training, compensations packages, and relocations costs, and it could require longer lead time (Padala). IHRM staffing approaches are very important but training and development also play a very important role in the international setting. International training and development is one of IHRM’s most crucial activities. While it is true that MNCs recognize the significance of international training and development for their employees there is knowledge that this corporation’s training strategies are weak and not effective. Current researches show that today the majority of companies have ineffective training and management policies that have resulted in frequently employee failure (Shen). In order to succeed in the global arena MNCs need to implement an effective international training and development program for expatriates, HCNs, and TCNs. Globalization has definitely created a very competitive business market in which international human resource management plays a crucial role for the success on multinational corporations. It is imperative that corporation carefully analyze every staffing approach available and implement the one that will help them select the right candidates for the right position, and provide the candidates with the appropriate training and development in order to create a competitive advantage. Works Cited Ball, A. Don, et al. International Business: The Challenge of Global Competition. 13th. New York: McGraw-Hill. Print. Caligiuri, Paula M., Linda K. Stroh. Multinational corporation strategies and international human resources practices: bringing IHRM to the bottom line. The International Journal of Human Resource Management 6:3 September 1995. P.494-498. http://chrs.rutgers.edu/pub_documents/Paula_14.pdf Deller, Juergen. International Human Resource Management And the Formation of Cross-Cultural Competence. Institute of Business Psychology, University of Lueneburg, Germany. International Management Review. Vol.2 No. 3. 2006. http://www.usimr.org/IMR-3-2006/International%20Human%20Resource%20Management%20and%20the%20Formation%20of%20Cross-Cultural%20Competence.pdf Gartside, David, Griccioli, Stefano, and Rustin Richburg. Different stokes: How to manage a global workforce. Issue No.2. 2011. Outlook. Accenture. http://www.accenture.com/SiteCollectionDocuments/PDF/Accenture-Outlook-How-to-Manage-a-Global-Workforce.pdf. Padala, Shanmukha Rao Dr.; Dr. N.V.S. Suryanarayana. Approaches to International Human Resource Management. September 11, 2012. Articlebase.com. http://www.articlesbase.com/international-business-articles/approaches-to-international-human-resource-manageme nt-3249167.html. Shen, Jie. International training and management development: theory and reality. Journal of Management Development. Vol 24 No. 7, 2005. November 2, 2012. http://people.math.sfu.ca/~van/diverse/bellut-papers/test-9.pdf

Treatment of Women in Homers Odyssey :: Homer Odyssey womody

The Treatment of Women in Homer's Odyssey Judged by modern Western standards, the treatment of women by men in Homer's Odyssey can be characterized as sexist. Women in Homer's Odyssey are judged mainly by their looks. If important men and gods consider a woman beautiful, or if her son or husband is a hero or has an important position such as king, the woman is successful. The way women in The Odyssey are treated is based on appearance, the things men want from them, and whether the woman has any power over men. During Odysseus' journey to the underworld he sees many different types of women. We hear about their beauty, their important sons, or their affairs with gods. We hear nothing about these women's accomplishments in their lifetime. Odysseus tells how Antiope could "boast a god for a lover,"(193) as could Tyro and many other women. Epikaste was called "that prize"(195) her own son unwittingly married. Some women are known for the deeds of their sons or husbands, but never for a heroic deed of their own, their personalities, and what they do themselves. It seems the only accomplishment women could achieve was being beautiful. Theseus "had no joy of"(195) the princess Ariadne because she died before this was possible. Homer makes it sound as if Ariadne's life was useless because she did not give Theseus pleasure. The only woman we hear of for a different reason is Klymene, and we only hear of her because she "betrayed her lord for gold."(195) This is the only time we hear of a woman for something she did, and once we do, it is a negative remark. Penelope, Odysseus' queen, is paid attention to only because of her position. Because she has a kingdom, she has suitors crowding around her day and night. Being a woman, Penelope has no control over what the suitors do and cannot get rid of them. The suitors want her wealth and her kingdom. They do not respect her enough to stop feeding on Odysseus' wealth; they feel she owes them something because she won't marry one of them. One of the suitors, Antinoos, tells Telemakhos "...but you should know the suitors are not to blame- it is your own incomparably cunning mother."(21) Even Telemakhos doesn't respect his mother as he should. When the song of a minstrel makes her sad and Penelope requests him to stop playing, Telemakhos interrupts and says to her, "Mother, why do you grudge our own dear minstrel joy of song, wherever his thought may lead.

College Admissions Essay: My Private Vietnam :: Free College Admissions Essays

My private Vietnam is a never-ending identity conflict. Part of me is American, part of me is Vietnamese. I have Asian features, but I'm tall and broad-shouldered. I don't feel accepted in either culture. Â   Vietnam is bittersweet for me. Without the war, I wouldn't have been born. Without the American soldiers there, I wouldn't be Amerasian and living in the United States. The bitter part is that I will never find out who my father is. I don't have his name or Social Security number. I wish I had a real family to come home to during the holidays. Â   Veterans look at me like I'm a ghost. They associate me with the sons they might have fathered and deserted in Vietnam. Every summer I attend a writers' conference in Boston that includes some men who were in Vietnam. I look into their eyes and they look into mine. For me, it's looking into the eyes of potential fathers or father figures.

Supply and Demand and Larger Societal Forces

â€Å"The microenvironment consists of the actors close to the company that affect its ability to serve its customers – the company, suppliers, marketing intermediates, customer markets, competitors and publics. The macroenvironment consists of the larger societal forces that affect the microenvironment – demographic, economic, natural, technological, political and cultural forces. † (Kolter, 2008) We stated on this website that marketing was about meeting needs and providing benefits and the customer should be the central focus of the business.The companies marketing strategy should be focused around this concept, however, there are factors within the companies marketing environment which can constrain this activity. These factors are both controllable and uncontrollable and have to be carefully monitored by the organisation. The companies marketing environment can be defined as the ‘controllabe and uncontrollabe elements that influence the strategic direc tion of the company'. The companies marketing environment can be analysed in two broad levels.The macro environment involves looking at uncontrollabe variables that influence company strategy. This is is discussed further in PEST Analysis. Political Influences Relationships between coffee producing nations and US State & Local government controls Economic Influences Constant demand for food and beverages Changes in disposable income could influence purchase levels There is an importance of economic indicators to the strategic planning process in any organization is the ability to benchmark economic conditions that contribute to improve profitability, business growth and market size.Starbucks have succeeded several economic factors as well as price elasticity of demand. Price elasticity of demand can be determined by the percentage change in the quantity demanded with the percentage change in price. They should consider household income that people are willing to spend more on food a nd beverages when household income increases. Starbucks innovation in joint ventures has opened new markets and opportunities increasing product use among different demographics.Starbucks has proven to be highly innovative in business culture that offers prepaid cards, priced from ?5 to ?500. Joint ventures with Pepsi Company, Dreyer's Grand Ice Cream Inc and inspiring entertainment with the launch of â€Å"Hear Music† have developed Starbucks with great success. Starbucks has shown their values, leveraging market power, resources, and capabilities to achieve returns higher than their competition (Investment Group, 2001).

A Word on Wordsworth essays

A Word on Wordsworth essays Contrary to what many critics state, Wordsworth does capture the true essence of childhood. While reading Tintern Abbey and Ode: Intimations of Immorality, the reader is instantly aware that the point of view is from an adult who dreams of returning to the age when life had no worries. In the beginning lines of his Ode: Intimations of Immorality Wordsworth paints a picture which carries much similarity to Genesiss Garden of Eden. For example, throughout lines 1-2, Wordsworth talks of a serene setting with a meadow, grove, and stream. Then, he begins to further glorify his setting by mentioning that according to him it appareled in celestial light. In many ways this is childhood. Most children have no worries and their state of mind is not troubled or disturbed in any way, much like Wordsworths setting. Moreover, the way they see the world is not tarnished, as opposed to when they mature and the evils of the world begin to surface. Yet, the most important concept brought upon by Wordsworth is not only the idea of what being a child is or what it should be, but the constant yearning for an adult to return to his/her youth. By showing childhood as the only time when an individual can be truly carefree, Wordsworth creates a want in the reader to again experience life as it was-before maturity began to occur. In both poems, Wordsworth speaks of childhood as only a faint memory, which can never be duplicated in an adult life. For instance, in lines 83 and 84 of Tintern Abbey, Wordsworth writes that childhood is That time is past, and all its aching joys are now no more. Personally, I do not feel that Wordsworth exaggerates any part of what it means to be a child through the eyes of an adult-especially an adult whose life may prove troublesome. Though maturity heightens knowledge, I cannot say I dont miss the ignoran...

UAE Islands

UAE Islands Man-made islands in Dubai There are several residential projects that are now being implemented in Abu Dhabi and Dubai. First of all, one should speak about the construction of the Palm Islands and the World Islands in Dubai.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on UAE Islands specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More These projects were implemented in order to solve the problem of beach shortage in the city, beginning in 2003 (Badescu Cathcart 2011, p. 66). At that time, the coastline was not sufficient for construction industry. There was virtually no space that could be filled by office buildings, hotels, restaurants, and so forth. These islands are made of the sand that has been dredged from the bottom of the sea. To a great extent, these artificial islands were supposed to serve the needs of the real estate market which was booming in the UAE (Froelich, 2008, p. 430). It was supposed that the territory could be used fo r various residential projects such as the construction of restaurants, luxury hotels, shopping malls, villas, or sports facilities (Froelich, 2008, p. 430). The islands can be used by various businesses that intend to operate in Dubai. The availability of artificial islands can stimulate the growth of tourism in the UAE. At present, many of the construction projects on the Palm Islands have not been completed. However, there are many people who are willing to settle on the Palm Islands (Roza, 2009, p. 54). They prefer to move to Palm Jumeirah because it has the most developed infrastructure (Roza, 2009, p. 54). These are some of the details that can be identified, but there are several environmental problems that should not be overlooked. First of all, these projects can disrupt the functioning of many marine eco-systems. One should not forget about the erosion of the coastline (Roza, 2009, p. 54). These are the risks that are associated with land reclamation (Roza, 2009, p. 54). O verall, the construction of these artificial islands is one of the most ambitious development projects that are now carried out in the UAE, as more than $ 12 billion have already been spent.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More These artificial islands are constructed by the government that wants to stimulate the development of the real estate market in Dubai. The costs associated with these artificial islands can be justified if investors are willing to use the territory. In case the demand for this territory decreases, these artificial islands may become an extra burden for Dubai. These are the main details that can be identified. Masdar City Abu Dhabi has taken a different development approach which is a symbol of the city’s attempt to develop a sustainable and environmentally sensitive socio economic growth plan. It can be described as an arcology or a set of interrelated buildings and infrastructural facilities that can remain sustainable for a long time. Abu Dhabi’s government has instigated a Swiss Village, MASDAR City, an urban green space design, which is a new urban area designed from scratch that will only depend on renewable energy. The designers are using the sun, the desert’s greatest threat, as a great asset for renewable energy. The construction of this complex will require approximately $ 22 billion (Pollalis 2013, p. 253). There are several distinct elements of Masdar City. This arcology will rely primarily on renewable energy sources, and it will not be dependent on fuel or electricity produced in other parts of Abu Dhabi (Pollalis 2013, p. 253). Although Masdar is marketed as green over the top project, it is a way to get the message out into the open, and make people realize that they need to change the way the population thinks. It is not about advertising but about a new way of living and thinki ng. It is isolated, and if you do not fit in, you are not accepted. As for the man-made islands, environmental aspects have been ignored during the urban development process. Decision makers and planners must understand the relation between a built and a natural environment in order to enhance the urban characteristics in a sustainable manner, as these could trigger long-term environmental economic and social impacts (Gret-Regamey ET AL. 2008). It is expected that this artificial complex can provide accommodation to more than sixty thousand people who will be living and working there. This complex will be oriented for the needs of companies that will work on the development of sustainable technologies (Brebbia 2011, p. 37).Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on UAE Islands specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Masdar City will also be used by research centers and educational organizations. The functioning of this arco logy will be based on the use of sustainable transportation such as E-taxis (Brebbia 2011, p. 37). The private vehicles of employees will not be used on the territory of Masdar City. Also, much attention will be paid to the recycling of waste that will be re-used (Smith 2012, p. 309). This project is carried out by a governmental organization, namely Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company. This organization intends to make Abu Dhabi more sustainable, especially at the time when natural resources are becoming scarce. This is the long-term objective that policy-makers want to attain. Additionally, the construction of this arcology can boost the growth of the real estate market in Abu Dhabi because it can attract many investors from different countries. People working in Masdar City may want to buy or rent apartments in other areas of Abu Dhabi and the demand for housing might eventually increase. Thus, the completion of this complex can have long-lasting implications for many people in Abu D habi. This city will be completed at the end of 2025 and it could be an important step in the development of the housing industry in the United Arab Emirates. It is possible that similar residential projects will be implemented in the country or neighboring states. References Badescu, V Cathcart, R 2011, Macro-engineering Seawater in Unique Environments: Arid Lowlands and Water Bodies Rehabilitation, Springer, New York. Brebbia, C 2011, Sustainable Development and Planning V, WIT Press, Boston. Froelich, B 2008, A Bull for All Seasons: Main Street Strategies for Finding the Money in Any Market, McGraw Hill Professional, New York.Advertising Looking for research paper on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Gret-Regamey et al. 2008, Ecosystem Services in Agricultural and Urban Landscapes, John Wiley Sons, Hoboken. Pollalis, S 2013, Infrastructure Sustainability and Design, Routledge, New York. Roza, G 2009, The Creation of Islands, The Rosen Publishing Group, New York. Smith, P 2012, City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age, Bloomsbury Publishing, London.

Toumai - Type site of Sahelanthropus tchadensis

Toumai - Type site of Sahelanthropus tchadensis Toumaà ¯ is the name of a late Miocene hominoid who lived in what is today the Djurab desert of Chad some seven million years ago (mya). The fossil currently classified as Sahelanthropus tchadensis is represented by a nearly complete, amazingly well-preserved cranium, collected from the Toros-Menalla locality of Chad by the Mission Palà ©oanthropologique Franco-Tchadienne (MPFT) team led by Michel Brunet. Its status as an ancient hominid ancestor is somewhat in debate; but Toumaà ¯s significance as the oldest and best preserved of any Miocene age ape is undeniable. Location and Features The Toros-Menalla fossil region is located in the Chad basin, a region that has fluctuated from semi-arid to wet conditions over and over again. The fossil-bearing outcrops are in the center of the northern sub-basin and consist of terrigenous sands and sandstones interbedded with argillaceous pebbles and diatomites. Toros-Menalla is some 150 kilometers (about 90 miles) east of the Koro-Toro locality where Australopithecus bahrelghazali was discovered by the MPFT team. Toumaà ¯s skull is small, with features suggesting it had an upright stance and used bipedal locomotion. Its age at death was approximately 11 years old, if comparisons to wear on the teeth of modern chimpanzees are valid: 11 years is an adult chimpanzee and it is assumed that so was Toumaà ¯. Toumaà ¯ has been dated to approximately 7 million years of age using the Beryllium isotope 10Be/9BE ratio, developed for the region and also used on the Koro-Toro fossil beds. Other examples of S. tchandensis were recovered from Toros-Menalla localities TM247 and TM292, but were limited to two lower jaws, the crown of a right premolar (p3), and one partial mandible fragment. All hominoid fossil materials were recovered from an anthracotheriid unitso called because it also contained a large anthracotheriid, Libycosaurus petrochii, an ancient hippopotamus-like creature. Toumaà ¯s Cranium The complete cranium recovered from Toumaà ¯ had suffered fracturing, displacement and plastic deformation over the past millennia, and in 2005, researchers Zollikofer et al. published a detailed virtual reconstruction of the skull. This reconstruction illustrated in the photo above used high-resolution computed tomography to create a digital representation of the pieces, and the digital pieces were cleaned of adhering matrix and reconstructed. The cranial volume of the reconstructed skull is between 360-370 milliliters (12-12.5 fluid ounces), similar to modern chimpanzees, and the smallest known for an adult hominid. The skull has a nuchal crest that is within the range of Australopithecus and Homo, but not chimpanzees. The skulls shape and line suggests Toumaà ¯ stood upright, but without additional postcranial artifacts, thats a hypothesis waiting to be tested. Faunal Assemblage Vertebrate fauna from TM266 include 10 taxa of freshwater fish, turtles, lizards, snakes and crocodiles, all representatives of ancient Lake Chad. Carnivores include three species of extinct hyenas and a saber toothed cat (Machairodus cf. M giganteus). Primates other than S. tchadensis are represented only by a single maxilla belonging to a colobine monkey. Rodents include mouse and squirrel; extinct forms of aardvarks, horses, pigs, cows, hippos and elephants were found in the same locality. Based on the collection of animals, the TM266 locality is likely to be Upper Miocene in age, between 6 and 7 million years ago. Clearly aquatic environments were available; some of the fish are from deep and well-oxygenated habitats, and other fish are from swampy, well-vegetated and turbid waters. Together with the mammals and vertebrates, that collection implies that the Toros-Menalla region included a large lake bordered by a gallery forest. This type of environment is typical for the most ancient of hominoids, such as Ororrin and Ardipithecus; in contrast, Australopithecus lived in a wider range of environments including everything from savannah to forested woodlands. Sources Brunet M, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Lieberman DE, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Ponce de Leà ³n MS, Zollikofer CPE, and Vignaud P. 2005. New material of the earliest hominid from the Upper Miocene of Chad. Nature 434:752-755.Brunet M. 2010. Short note: The track of a new cradle of mankind in Sahelo-Saharan Africa (Chad, Libya, Egypt, Cameroon). Journal of African Earth Sciences 58(4):680-683.Emonet E-G, Andossa L, Taà ¯sso Mackaye H, and Brunet M. 2014. Subocclusal dental morphology of sahelanthropus tchadensis and the evolution of teeth in hominins. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 153(1):116-123.Lebatard A-E, Bourlà ¨s DL, Duringer P, Jolivet M, Braucher R, Carcaillet J, Schuster M, Arnaud N, Monià © P, Lihoreau F et al. 2008. Cosmogenic nuclide dating of Sahelanthropus tchadensis and Australopithecus bahrelghazali: Mio-Pliocene hominids from Chad. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 105(9):3226-3231.Vignaud P, Duringer P, Mackaye HT, Likius A, Blondel C, Boisserie J-R, de Bonis L, Eisenmann V, Etienne M-E, Geraads D et al. 2002. Geology and palaeontology of the Upper Miocene Toros-Menalla hominid locality, Chad. Nature 418:152-155. Wolpoff MH, Hawks J, Senut B, Pickford M, and Ahern JCM. 2006. An ape or the ape: is the Toumaà ¯ cranium TM 266 a hominid? PaleoAnthropology 2006:36-50.Zollikofer CPE, Ponce de Leà ³n MS, Lieberman DE, Guy F, Pilbeam D, Likius A, Mackaye HT, Vignaud P, and Brunet M. 2005. Virtual cranial reconstruction of Sahelanthropos tchadensis. Nature 434:755-759.

MicroEconomics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

MicroEconomics - Essay Example This type of monopoly emerges due to natural advantages like abundant mineral resources, good location and so on. For instance, Gulf nations have monopoly in the exploration of crude oil as a result of plenty of natural oil resources (Mankiw & Taylor, 2006).   It also occurs when it is financially impractical or impossible for many companies to engage in a business, for example, when it requires large investments of capital that other companies cannot raise (Tucker, 2011). This occurs when the government passes laws and regulations that reserve a particular trade, services or goods for government agencies (McKenzie & Lee, 2006). For instance, many governments are in charge of running water. Occurs when multiple businesses or firms combine or amalgamate, for example, a combination between competitors like Burger firm and Pizza firm leads to join monopoly thus reducing competition (Tucker, 2011). Monopolies exist so as to dominate the market place by controlling the pricing of a specific product. This is due to lack of economic competition because such a firm controls a significant volume of the market. It also exists due to high overhead cost which discourages other firms (Tucker, 2011). For instance, it requires a high overhead cost to construct power lines from scratch and acquire necessary equipment to generate power, making power company a monopoly. c) Intellectual property protection- extension of patents and copyrights to businesses by the government give them the right of being the sole provider of that new product thus creating a temporary monopoly (Mankiw & Taylor,

Policy Made and Implemented in Criminal Justice Essay

Policy Made and Implemented in Criminal Justice - Essay Example The criminal system is based on the creation of laws, the adjudication of these laws through the courts, and the implementation of correctional processes for various transgressions (Fuller, 2005). An offender would have an initial contact with the criminal system through the police officers, who are the primary enforcers of the laws (Fuller, 2005). These officers are usually also tasked with the investigation of violations of the law and the arrest of suspected or known offenders. As arresting officers, they may sometimes be supported by federal officers, especially where suspects cross state lines or pose a more significant danger to a larger population or territory (Fuller, 2005). Where necessary, the law enforcement agencies, as well as the police officers have the power to apply force and other means in order to serve arrest warrants and ensure public safety (Hanes and Hanes, 2005). Once the criminal offender or suspect is arrested, the criminal court systems are next involved in the criminal justice system. ... In the US, the adversarial system is being; this is where both parties are given the opportunity to present their side before the courts (Friedman, 1993). The case is then awarded to the party who makes the most compelling argument based on legal provisions. The prosecutors bring about charges against individuals or corporate entities for violations of the criminal laws (Friedman, 1993). It is their duty to prove that a crime has been committed by the accused party. On the other side, the defense attorney refutes the evidence presented against the accused and establishes the accused party’s defense (Walker, 1980). The final adjudication is then made by a third party – a judge or a jury. Where the accused party admits guilt, the process would be shorter and the judgment is rendered immediately by the judge. Plea bargaining is also often arranged between the parties in order to establish a compromise while still ensuring that the interes ts of criminal justice are served (Fuller, 2005). After sentencing is carried out by the judge or the jury, the decision is then imposed. For guilty parties, punishment is often based on the offense committed. Punishment often comes in the form of imprisonment or executions with or without corresponding fines and damages. Parole or probation arrangements may be imposed based on the judges’ discretion according to the set circumstances involved (Fuller, 2005). After time served, the criminal is usually released to the general population however, general restrictions may still be imposed on them, including regular reporting to their probation officer, loss of voting privileges, an imposition of fines, and for sexual offenders, inclusion in a sexual offender database (Chambliss, 2001).  

Critically Evaluate the Evidence for the Mode of life, Behaviour and Essay

Critically Evaluate the Evidence for the Mode of life, Behaviour and Ancestry of the Pterosaurs (flying reptiles) - Essay Example Pterosaurs form the group of the first animals to fly. The winged lizards belonged to the order pterosauria. Their wings stretched from the ankle to a lengthened forth finger. Their bones were hollow, and air filled, like those for birds. They had a keeled breastbone that developed and got attached to flight muscles. Their brain was enlarged hence, showed specialized features associated with flight. Later developments of the species saw their shoulders fused into a structure known as notarium. Its purpose was to conceal the torso during flight and provide a stable support to the shoulder blade. Wilton (2013) research shows that pterosaurs remained conservative for 70 million years after which, they started practicing adaptation with all kinds of new modes of life. Such adaptation lifestyles included change of food and food sources. Pterosaurs are believed to be the ancestors of the modern day birds. However, this is not the truth. They resemble birds in many ways, but they are not cl ose to being birds. There were two major kinds of pterosaurs, the rhamphorhynchoid and pterodactyls. The first consisted of a smaller pterosaur, and the later comprised of large bodied and rare pterosaur (Bennet, 1989). Main features of pterosaurs They belonged to the category of weak flyers. Recent studies implicate that the wings of the pterosaurs were flappers, not gliders. An elongated digit on their claws was attached to them. The flight membrane and muscle attachments connected the digit to the arm, shoulders and chest to enable the creature gain stability during flight (Bennet, 1989). The wings extended up to 40 feet and attached to the hind limbs. The essence was to connect the hands and legs. The bones were hollow (i.e. honeycomb). This made them light for easy flight (Bennet, 1989). The membranes were very complex but very thin for flight purposes. The consistent of the membrane included blood vessels, fibrous tissues and small muscles. The membrane performed cooling funct ions preventing the body from too much heat (Bennet, 1989). Pterosaurs walked on four legs. This caused constraint to the animal since it could not walk fast with its limbs connected to the wings. These features lead to the conclusion that pterosaurs evolved from tree climbing reptiles. Their claws were curled like those of tree climbing reptiles (Frey et al. 2003). The claws of the hind limbs resembled those of the birds that walked on the ground (Prentice, Ruta & Benton, 2011). Those of the forelimbs resembled those of the perching birds. The adaptability mode for the limbs was to be able to walk on the ground and perch on trees (Bennet, 1989). Scientists critically examine the head of the animals and come up with many physiological and behavioral traits of the animals. The shape of the head acts as an adaptive feature for prey catching. Some pterosaurs had beaks long, to about two feet (Witton, &Naish, 2008). Those that had teeth were very sharp aligned on the side of both jaws. The ones that did not have teeth had very long, pointed and sharp edged bills (Kellner, 2003). The animal had a head that sloped downwards. The floccolus is a lobe in the brain that had connections to the eye and neck muscles (Padian, 1997). The functions of the connection were to stabilize and sharpen view of pray within the eyes. Some pterosaurs had head crests thought to have been used to attract mates or repel rivals and attackers (Prentice, Ruta& Benton, 2008). They

Tobacco growth Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tobacco growth - Lab Report Example The study recommends growth of Burley tobacco in artificial soil. Research questions The study sought to investigate the following research questions. Does the soil type affect germination of plants? Does the soil type affect the growth of plants? Hypotheses In order to answer the research questions, the research explored the following sets of hypotheses, Ha1:  µA=  µP=  µO; there is no significant different on the effect of type of soil on germination of tobacco. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean percentage of germinated seeds for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectively) Ho1: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is a significant difference in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco to germinate. Ha2:  µA=  µP=  µO; There is no significant difference on the effects of type of soil on the tobacco’s grow. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean length of the plants for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectiv ely) Ho2: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is significant differences in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco grow. Materials and methods Materials The following materials were used in the experiments; Burley tobacco seeds, 15 small growers’ pots, labeling stickers, three different types of soil (artificial, plain and organic), light spray, tweezers, spatula, water, and zip-ock-bags. Design The research applied a complete randomized design in its experimental set up. The design involves separate blocks for experiments and each block has the same number of treatment. The design was selected for its advantages that would facilitate exploration of the research questions and the research hypotheses. One of its advantages is its level of precision that also eliminates error because of existence of control. It also offers more information as compared to other designs because treatments across all blocks can be paired during analysis. The design i s also simple to implement and is flexible. It is however suitable for blocks with relatively small sizes (Montgometry and Runger, 2010). Research procedure The research process involved acquisition of 15 small grower’s pots that were labeled with the group’s identification number. The pots were organized for three treatments and each treatment had five replicates that were achieved in five different pots and were each labeled. Each of the pots was filled to 1 inch below the top with the appropriate soil. Using a light spray from the hose, the soil was saturated, evenly, so that it settled. One more inch of soil was then added to the saturated soil from the top and watered. The process was repeated until the potting mix no longer settled. Tweezers was then used to disperse 10 tobacco seeds into a small beaker before the 10 seeds were evenly and randomly distributed across the surface of each pot. Care was taken to get exactly 10 seeds into each pot. Each pot was then s lowly dipped into a pan of water until saturation was achieved. â€Å"Watering from the bottom† technique was used, throughout the study, to achieve this. The pots were then sealed in their own labeled Zip-Lock bag and placed, randomly, under grow lights as directed. Once a week, we went down as a group to count how many plants had germinated and watered our plants. We placed a toothpick next to each sprout to mark its location for analytics purposes in case germinated seeds dried up. At the end of the study, we determined the percentage germination and

Museum Visit and Exhibit Review Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Museum Visit and Exhibit Review - Essay Example Within this context, the artist makes use of a common location (say, La Grenouillere) as the most important factor that adds vividness to the main theme. This helps the viewers to have different view of a familiar place used for recreational purpose. The rippling effect on the surface of the water body is symbolic of liveliness of nature. Besides, the background (blue sky and thick vegetation) is symbolic of unexploited tranquillity. On the other side, one can see that the most important message of the painting is that cordial relationship with nature can fill human minds with hope, not despair. Techniques: The artist makes use of light in artwork to expose the effect of the same on his immediate surroundings. Francesco Salvi states that, â€Å"In Monet’s painting, the bright sunshine in the background contrasts with the cool shadows in the foreground† (28). To be specific, the artist provided ample light to the background (trees, horizon, sky etc). But the foreground ( boats, water body, foliage etc) is portrayed in less light. This progression from less brightness to brightness proves that the artist is deeply interested in the use of light in his artwork. The dominating colours in the artworks are dark green, grey, blue, bluish green, and combination of green, yellow and brown. This unnatural combination of different colours provides vividness and depth to the artwork. The ‘Actual texture’ technique (say, flowing water and floating objects) made use by the artist helps the viewers to consider the artwork as dynamic. The artificial island with a tree is the focal point and the same provides balance (say, symmetrical balance between nature and manmade objects) to the artwork as a whole. The dark contrast in the foreground and the brightness in the background are helpful to view the artwork from a different angle. To be specific, the combination of darkness and brightness enhances the visual acuity of the artwork. On the other side, th e artwork’s proportion is symbolic of the crafty combination of living and lifeless objects. Still, nature dominates the artwork because the same is the main theme and plot. Style: The artwork is symbolic of Impressionism because the artist himself is the mastermind behind the origin of Impressionism in Europe. To be specific, noticeable brush strokes, accuracy of light (bright and dark), time element, usage of usual subject/theme, liveliness, human perception of nature, strange visual angles etc prove the influence of impressionism. Ronald R. Bernier opines that, â€Å"In this picture Monet directs the viewer’s attention not to a unified narrative or synoptic view of things but to the lack of homogeneity, both in the procedure of painting and in the subject itself† (29). So, one can see that the artwork named as La Grenouillere represents the development of impressionism and impressionist painting. Compare and contrast: One can easily identify that the artwork represents the popularity gained by impressionism in Europe. To be specific, the basic elements of this artwork are strictly limited to the context of European Impressionism. Martha Moore opines that, â€Å"The label impressionism ironically resulted from negative criticism of Claude Monet’s Impression Sunrise in 1874† (227). Besides, Impressionism developed in Europe as experimentation within the context of

Tobacco growth Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Tobacco growth - Lab Report Example The study recommends growth of Burley tobacco in artificial soil. Research questions The study sought to investigate the following research questions. Does the soil type affect germination of plants? Does the soil type affect the growth of plants? Hypotheses In order to answer the research questions, the research explored the following sets of hypotheses, Ha1:  µA=  µP=  µO; there is no significant different on the effect of type of soil on germination of tobacco. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean percentage of germinated seeds for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectively) Ho1: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is a significant difference in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco to germinate. Ha2:  µA=  µP=  µO; There is no significant difference on the effects of type of soil on the tobacco’s grow. (Where  µA,  µP, and  µO are the mean length of the plants for artificial, plain, and organic soils respectiv ely) Ho2: Any of the  µA,  µP, or  µO is different; there is significant differences in the soil’s effects on the ability of tobacco grow. Materials and methods Materials The following materials were used in the experiments; Burley tobacco seeds, 15 small growers’ pots, labeling stickers, three different types of soil (artificial, plain and organic), light spray, tweezers, spatula, water, and zip-ock-bags. Design The research applied a complete randomized design in its experimental set up. The design involves separate blocks for experiments and each block has the same number of treatment. The design was selected for its advantages that would facilitate exploration of the research questions and the research hypotheses. One of its advantages is its level of precision that also eliminates error because of existence of control. It also offers more information as compared to other designs because treatments across all blocks can be paired during analysis. The design i s also simple to implement and is flexible. It is however suitable for blocks with relatively small sizes (Montgometry and Runger, 2010). Research procedure The research process involved acquisition of 15 small grower’s pots that were labeled with the group’s identification number. The pots were organized for three treatments and each treatment had five replicates that were achieved in five different pots and were each labeled. Each of the pots was filled to 1 inch below the top with the appropriate soil. Using a light spray from the hose, the soil was saturated, evenly, so that it settled. One more inch of soil was then added to the saturated soil from the top and watered. The process was repeated until the potting mix no longer settled. Tweezers was then used to disperse 10 tobacco seeds into a small beaker before the 10 seeds were evenly and randomly distributed across the surface of each pot. Care was taken to get exactly 10 seeds into each pot. Each pot was then s lowly dipped into a pan of water until saturation was achieved. â€Å"Watering from the bottom† technique was used, throughout the study, to achieve this. The pots were then sealed in their own labeled Zip-Lock bag and placed, randomly, under grow lights as directed. Once a week, we went down as a group to count how many plants had germinated and watered our plants. We placed a toothpick next to each sprout to mark its location for analytics purposes in case germinated seeds dried up. At the end of the study, we determined the percentage germination and

Case study 3 peer review 2 Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case study 3 peer review 2 - Coursework Example The higher position also puts an employee in a position where they have the ability to influence broader organization decision-making (Robins, 2003). It would make it highly unethical to choose a less deserving person to fill a position just in order to prove that the business is racially inclusive since there are other more effective ways of proving this point. In fact, that the business already employs peoples of different races is a start. The doctrine of â€Å"Equal Opportunity Employment† in law requires that all individual contributors must be made eligible for promotion on an equal basis by their employers so that it serves as recognition and reward for their role as contributors. A promotion is a powerful communication tool of sending the right signals about the values within an organization (R.W.Lippitt, 1958). Making promotions based on race goes against all values whether it favours the majority or minority because the decision will not be on merit. Equity and fairness are highly valued biblical traits. God is just and holy and consistently demands holiness and justice throughout the bible. He also treats all humankind justly and demands the same treatment amongst men even though they are of different races. Joseph was elevated in eight because of his exemplary work as was Daniel (Dan 1:19-20). This was in a context of gentile nations that did not know the God of the Israel/bible. Servant leadership is leadership that portrays godliness through fairness and equity (DSouza,

If Money doesnt Make You Happy; Then Your Not Spending It Right Critique Essay Example for Free

If Money doesnt Make You Happy; Then Your Not Spending It Right Critique Essay The belief that money lead to ultimate happiness was circulated among mankind and perceived as the essence of life, this can be seen in the quote: â€Å"Money makes the world go round†. Upon reading this quote , one begins to think that money is the everlasting physical material that brings happiness. However, Money is only tangible and can disappear overnight. William Durant, founder of GM and Chevrolet, said â€Å"Money is only leaned to a man. He comes into the world with nothing and leaves with nothing†. This indicates how one spends this tangible curse to pursue the thought of happiness. Throughout Dunns writing, the thought that spending money in a diverse manner brings happiness appears in numerous positions and to emphasis this stand it firstly appears in the title , â€Å"If Money Doesn’t Make You Happy, Then You Probably Aren’t Spending It Right†. Happiness-according to Dunn- through money, can be decanted through 8 different â€Å"Principles†: 1) Buy more experiences and fewer material goods. (2) Use ones money to benefit others rather themselves (3) Buy many small pleasures rather than fewer large ones (4) Eschew extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance (5)Delay consumption (6) Consider how peripheral features of their purchases may affect their day-to-day lives (7) Beware of comparison shopping (8) Pay close attention to the happiness of others. These are semi accurate ways spending money the right way and I agree with most of them; yet, some of these point I find quite contradicting. Because the nature of mankind does not agree with such perfect attributes and that one must obtain to have a more enjoyable life. Principle 1: Buy more experiences and fewer material goods. This is the utmost correct statement ever known to man when they want to spend money. The point directs us to a human natural instinct: boredom. Once a human is bored or tired of something, then that person will get rid of that object. For example; a plasma TV was bought , and it is an enjoyable device to a certain point. The TV owner would want to replace that TV with something productive and more efficient. This principle is showing that instead of buying something tangible and replaceable, one should consider something more everlasting like a memory of going to the lake fishing. Memories are not forgotten; they riddle and disintegrate over time but immortal as long as one keeps up with these  memories. Principle 2: Use ones money to benefit others rather themselves. In my opinion, this is only achieved with a perfect world containing angles as its citizens. The reality is that money isnt spent due human nature greed. There are still some saints in the world that are willing to give their wealth to the unfortunate but At the end of the day one must put into consideration that bills must be paid at the end of the month and food must be placed on the table at the end of the night. According to CNN Money Network statistics, 28% of all Americans have emergency savings savings that will last for 6 months. which means when 72% of the population lose their jobs living necessary will be excluded with if they dont find another job in less than a month. viewing it from a different perspective ; 72% of Americans live from paycheck to paycheck. With whatever there is leftover it is either going to the person or children’s saving account or for a trip for themselves or family. The author indicated the feeling and satisfaction one gets when helping someone for example donating to others as a warm or irreplaceable feeling. Principle 3: Buy many small pleasures rather than fewer large ones. Understanding this means that smaller pleasures last longer or become more embedded into our mines and life styles; due to the fact that, these small pleasures are more frequent and enjoyable. For instance, one might go out with a colleague for coffee every morning just about every day-supposing that one has an innocent crush on the other; it is better than going to that person out of the blue and asking the other for dinner. first, you have made a common ground with that natural frequency of $5 a day for two cups of coffee- so that means that you are less likely to be rejected completely. second, it is cheaper than one impressive dinner that might be in the $80-$90 dollar range. This is true to a certain point; if you have a family trip every year to the most casual tourist traps could be a lot more cheaper than one big one every two years to some where exotic and fun. I have personally performed interviews with people from the upper, middle , and lower classes. surprisingly the upper and lower class citizens both have the same mentality; which was frequent but cheap trips. The reasoning behind this -in my opinion- is to break the cycle of work, and sleep. Even though the middle class is known to everyone of being the hard working class . looking at the middle class, they prefer one big trip every once a year. this  shows that they first must insure themselves and their family before performing any drastic moves. Principle 4: Eschew extended warranties and other forms of overpriced insurance. People must have some kind of insurance to back the citizens up against any miscellanies accidents from heart attacks to explosions. the problem lies within the citizens themselves. as we hear through the media that almost 20% of Americans dont have insurance; for instance if a family member had a bad illness then all of the member in that family would suffer the consequences of the medical bill. Due to medical prices nowadays, if youre not insured than get prepared for the worst once an accident happens. Principle 5: Delay consumption. The very straight translation of this is in one quote: dont spend what you dont have. Marketing is a technique to lure the innocent and naive to falling prey to these falls advertising from the big monopolies. this point is the second most important point that humans do not realize. debt is something no one should endure and struggle through; it might be a grace if done once or twice for example: car loans, mortgage, credit cards. however, it will be the inferno once a standard Joe does not keep up with his bills because then all of those payments plus the interest on them will engulf that person till he/she is worn out or dead. Principle 6: Consider how peripheral features of their purchases may affect their day-to-day lives Third most important principle -in my opinion; finding the effects of irresponsible spending on someones life. this shows that one must know what theyre going to buy before and the effects of that purchase. There is a local quote: Do not shop at a grocery store when youre hungry. the meaning behind this quote links most of these principles together; if you shop when youre, most likely:1) youre going to buy a lot (2) once you buy a lot then you do not know how much your spending, (3) most of that food you bought you will eat but some will be thrown away. Principle 7: Beware of comparison shopping. this principle shows how one of the fallacies come into place: ad hominem. online shopping lets you compare products from different manufactures and compare them together. wondering how ad hominem comes to place; lets take this example: Joe wants to buy a car but he does not know what to look for; so he goes to an online website that can compare cars together. The first car he looks at is awesome but it has a leading competitor so the car manufactures put the flaws in that leading competitor car, and vice versa.  they both attack each other than using the positive attributes of each car are. it is a psychological brain attraction; by altering the context of the paragraph -by choosing the right words- the customer is in their grasps. Principle 8: Pay close attention to the happiness of others. this simply means that one must consider other peoples opinions before buying a product or service. this is also considered to be an ad hominem and moral equivalence; the reason is because we rely on hearsay not actual facts. it is a way of marketing to discredit an institution of whatever and whomever it is. The essay shows how spending money in certain ways can be effective to ones life style; bringing about more happiness according to Dunn through 8 Principles. the problem with that is that human nature most of the time cannot be predictable; so generalizing how one should spend their money to achieve happiness is not the way to going about; more like it is how can one achieve happiness at minimal spending.

Confucianism

Confucianism Many intellectual thinkers took birth in china that reformed politics, religion, and philosophy. To this day their impact can be felt in modern china. Confucianism became the dominant school of thought during the Han dynasty, but as we know, other ideologies, such as Daoism and Legalism became prevalent as well. Each ideology consisted of its own ideas of what a political and social society should be like. They all looked to determine solutions for problems people faced in their lives daily. All three of these philosophies differed vastly from each other but at the same time, they had some similarities as well. Confucianism and Daoism particularly share several beliefs and values, namely: idealizing the society somewhere in the past and belief in reform of society through self-cultivation. Whereas legalism can said to be totally different from both these philosophies in various aspects. Confucianism was founded by Confucius(680-740 B.C.). Confucius stated that his ideas were not completely new but only a restatement of the values from the early days of the Western Zhou. He believed that this period was, the lost golden age and should be recovered.(Dr. Wright 21). The society at the time of Confucius was not operating according to his ideals, therefore there was a great need for change. This change he advocated would not be to some new ideology but rather, society would revert back to the ideals of the early Zhou society, which in his mind was perfect. He further stated that specific qualities from this period had been lost. The most essential of these qualities was the performance of rituals, which he called Li. He further stated that Ritual must regulate all your conduct.(Analects 1:12) Confucius further stated that if Li was performed correctly, its constant practitioners would then learn to abide by the morals of society. This was attributed to the fact that just as a person performing a ritual had a certain position and role assigned to them, similarly a member of society had   moral expectations and obligations. Confucius also stressed that in order for a person to completely comprehend the importance of Li, one needed to posses Ren. This is described as benevolence or humaneness. Conficius believed that Ren was an inward quality as opposed to something one could acquire from outside. Taoism was found by Laotzu do a basic summary of the beliefs. Similarities between the two- One thing that Confucianism and Taoism have in common is that both ideologies believe in reforming the society through reforming the self first. In Confucianism,   one improved himself through becoming an adequate practitioner of Li, and becoming virtuous  Ã‚   Although Confucius stated that education played an important role in self-cultivation, it was not compulsory, as one could be considered virtuous by simply possessing nature qualities like: obedience, humility, loyalty and trustworthiness. Confucius further argued that one who possessed virtue or Ren and had practiced Li as well would be best fit to run a government as well as benefit society in general. Confucius belief that one must reform himself before he can change the society can be seen in the following quote from his analects. In serving ones ruler one deals reverently with the tasks involved and makes the livelihood involved a secondary consideration ( Analects 15:38). In Taoism, the individual improved himself by comprehending the meaning of the Tao intuitively. If one could get in touch with this Tao and understand it, this would lead to a immense transformation of society and government Another similarity between the two philosophies is that they both believed that society and government was perfect in the past and that those lost values must be brought back in order to achieve bliss. Confucius obviously believed the reign of the Western Zhou to be pretty well flawless. He sought to bring back social order and morality which had been lost after the fall of the Western Zhou. He argued that this social order and morality were achieved by the Western Zhou through understanding the importance of rituals (Dr. Wright 22-23). Much of the rituals performed during this time were borrowed from the Shang dynasty. An example of such a ritual is the usage of inscribed bones known as Oracle bones, in divination and posing questions to supernatural gods and deities.   This fact is also demonstrated in the following passage from The Analects, If by keeping the old warm one can provide understanding of the new, one is fit to be a teacher (2:11, Analects)(what Confucius thought) : http://www.heptune.com/confuciu.html) . In this passage Confucius basically states his understanding that in order to be successful in the present one must have an understanding of what other successful states had practiced in the past. Where Confucianism considered the past to be perfect, Taoism also idealized the past. Taoism believed that humans had once known the Tao and had lived their lives in accordance with it. It further stated that this understanding of the Tao had been lost somewhere in history and that peoples hearts no longer felt the Tao, which gave birth to intellectual thought rather than   intuition, causing all the disorder and the problems of society in general. This golden age was believed to be immediately following the discovery of agriculture by humans. At this time people lived in small homes, were greatly content and therefore were much detached from material things. Because simplicity and contentment filled peoples hearts, they were in intuitive rather than intellectual, therefore being in touch with the Tao. Taoism then claims that all this was shattered by ambition. Ambition caused people to do unnatural things like constructing large buildings, thereby causing people to lose the Tao(Dr . Wright 28) Both Confucians and Taoists assumed that the world should have a human ruler, and that he should live by, and promote, the ideals propounded by the thinker in question. While Zhuang Zhou may have considered government irrelevant, he did not condemn its existence. So while Taoists may have been less interested in existing Chinese social and political institutions than Confucians, none denounced monarchy or aristocracy, none would have understood or condoned modern ideals of egalitarianism or radical individualism. To all of them, no one is encouraged to discover or practice any new truth. Rather, one is to live the ideal life by finding and accepting ones real place within the existing world. Where Confucians and Taoists parted ways is that the former viewed the world primarily in terms of inherited socio-political norms, while the latter focused on humans continuities With the invisible dimensions of reality that Confucians were often reluctant to discuss. While both philosophies Confucianism and Taoism addressed questions about the inner self, Legalism was more concerned with ways to keep the ruler in power.   A major difference between Legalism and the philosophies previously discussed was that Legalism sought to control human behavior through the law of the state rather than changing ones self through discovering the Tao or by practicing Li and becoming moral. Han Fei, founder of Legalism, stated that there was no such thing as virtue or goodness, instead obedience was the most necessary quality a person had to possess (Legalism ,http://philtar.ucsm.ac.uk/encyclopedia/china/legal.html). This was because the Legalists believed that human nature was innately bad, and that humans had to put under a system of punishment and reward. This system would be a way of controlling human behavior, which was believed to be unchangeable, as they would fear punishment from the state and cherish reward (Dr Wright 34).. Legalists also differed from Confucianism and Taoism because they did not believe in a golden age, but instead believed that no such ideal or perfect society ever existed in the past and that Legalism itself was trying to achieve that for the first time. The ideal Legalist ruler was then described as one that did not need to practicing Ren or be in touch with the Tao when dealing with society, as this would only spoil the public.   Legalism was then strictly a way of governing the people so that they may conform to the laws of ruler, as this was always right.Therefore Legalism did not focus much on finding morality and virtue within oneself as whatever the ruler considered right was considered virtuous and moral. Confucianism and Taoism were two philosophies that differed greatly in many regards but at the same time share many similarities. One such similarity was based on the fact that both believed that in order to bring social bliss, one had to change themselves first. Taoism looked to reform the individual by getting in touch with ones inner self, whereas Confucianism believed in learning from history and also from other virtuous beings around us as well as practice their rituals and ceremonies. Both philosophies also believed in a golden age and answer questions as to how one may revert back to it. Taoism stated that we should give up ambition and practice qualities such as non-action and simplicity of the past, and that this would lead to one getting in intuitive touch with the Tao. Confucianism on the other hand simply argued that one must practice ritualism and simply bring back values of successful states in the past. The third major school of thought in ancient china was known as Le galism. Legalism can be said to be completely different from the aforementioned ideologies. The single biggest difference was that Legalism was not much of a philosophy as it did not believe that a person could even be reformed. They held that ones behavior could only be temporarily controlled by laws, in particular a punishment and reward system. This was based on their belief that a person is innately evil in nature. Legalism was basically described as a technique in which would lead to conformity of the public to the rulers law. Whether these laws were just, moral or good, was irrelevant, as Legalists held the belief that whatever the ruler willed was justified and right. While it would be undeniable that Confucianism and Taoism vary vastly, their similar goals and beliefs have allowed them to co-exist successfully for thousands of years in many cultures of the world. In fact, many believe that without incorporating elements of both philosophies, an individual cannot be truly who le. As Taoism applies more to abiding by ones   intuition, it is more personal in nature, whereas Confucianism can apply to society as a whole and used to govern a state.

Property Rights of Women in Nineteenth-Century England :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

Property Rights of Women in Nineteenth-Century England      Ã‚   The property rights of women during most of the nineteenth century were dependent upon their marital status. Once women married, their property rights were governed by English common law, which required that the property women took into a marriage, or acquired subsequently, be legally absorbed by their husbands. Furthermore, married women could not make wills or dispose of any property without their husbands' consent. Marital separation, whether initiated by the husband or wife, usually left the women economically destitute, as the law offered them no rights to marital property. Once married, the only legal avenue through which women could reclaim property was widowhood. Women who never married maintained control over all their property, including their inheritance. These women could own freehold land and had complete control of property disposal. The notoriety of the 1836 Caroline Norton Case highlighted the injustice of women's property rights and influenced p arliamentary debates to reform property laws. The women's movement generated the support which eventually resulted in the passage of the Married Women's Property Law in 1882. England's mid-nineteenth century focus on married women's property rights culminated in the transformation of the subordinate legal status of married women.    The property owned by women in Victorian England was usually inherited from fathers. To protect the status of their daughters, most fathers included them in the distribution of the patrimony, however, the type of property inherited by sons and daughters differed. Amy Louise Erickson notes that "Fathers normally gave their daughters shares comparable in value with those of their brothers, although girls usually inherited personal property and boys more often inherited real property" (19). The more valuable real property inherited by the sons refers to freehold land, which is the actual land. Personal property referred to copyhold land, which was usually a mansion and its land held by a lord at will, and leasehold land, which was leased to individuals for life. Therefore, copyhold and leasehold land were legally secured for the life of the tenant or longer, depending on the agreement. Real property also included clothing, jewelry, household furniture, food, and all moveable goods. However, social customs held that household property and equipment belonged to the women.

Foreign Aid :: essays research papers

Foreign Aid The United States of America is a wealthy nation. We are also a nation that reaches out to the poverty-stricken world, lending financial aid in ridiculous amounts to these shambled countries. The burning question of the moment is: how effect is our foreign aid, and what can we do to improve its efficiency? The answer is quite a difficult one, if it even exists at all. Foreign aid has been lent to these broken countries for over half of a century. Billions of dollars has been poured into this defunct outlet, with nothing really to show for it. The thing one must understand about foreign aid and where and how it is spent is that all of these subsidies are given directly to the government. The thing is, this government might not have the purest intentions. More than once, the recipients of this aid have been accused of wasting foreign aid on palaces and their decadent lifestyle, in general. We know foreign aid doesn’t work the way it should, yet we make no strides towards improving it at the expense of our own taxpayers. Another reason why foreign aid is ineffective is that it leads the inhabitants of the poor, ran-down country to believe that they simply cannot do it on their own. They have to rely on our money to get anything going, which is a dangerous game. We’re not letting these countries stand on their own feet, and that isn’t good for them, and it damn sure isn’t good for us. What if one of these countries that we’re pouring money into becomes powerful and acquires nuclear weaponry? If we cut funding, they might become belligerent towards the United States, and then what? We give them more money, like some kind of hostage with a knife to our throat? As Bauer wrote in his book, The Development Frontier in 1991: â€Å"Economic achievement depends on personal, cultural, social, and political factors†¦ and the policies of rulers. It diminishes the people of the Third World to suggest that unlike the people of the West, they cannot achieve it without subsidies.â⠂¬  Imagine pouring millions upon millions of dollars into an interventionist state with counterproductive economic policies such as high taxes, spending and borrowing, excessive regulation, protectionism, inflation, price controls, land collectivization, and outright corruption. They’re going to be able to avoid a civil rebellion through quelling the hunger of the masses with our

Business Policy & Strategic Management

BUSINESS POLICY & STRATEGIC MANAGEMENT Objective: This course in Business Policy and Strategic Management is framed to help the students to learn the concepts related to Business Policies and Strategic Management so as to understand how a successful Business Policies and Strategies are framed at different levels of Management for organizational success and smooth functioning of an organization in today’s dynamic environment. I Introduction to Business Policy & Strategic Management: [9%] – Definition, Concept, Objective and Significance The levels at which strategy operates – Characteristic of Strategic Management – An Overview: Strategic Management Process – Concept of Strategic Decision Making II Strategy Formulation: [20%] – Understanding Strategic Intent: Vision, Mission, Business Definition, Goals and Objectives – Concepts of Strategic Stretch, Leverage & Fit – Environment Appraisal: Concept & Environmental Sector; PEST Anal ysis – Organizational Appraisal: Concepts & Capability Factors ; Porter’s Value Chain Model – Framework for developing Strategic Advantage SWOT Analysis as a Tool for assessing Organizational Capabilities and Environment Opportunities – Type of Strategies: Corporate Level (Concept of Grand Strategies) , Business Level and Functional Level. – Guidelines for Crafting Successful Business Strategies III Strategy Analysis and Choice: [22%] – Corporate Level Strategy Analysis: BCG Matrix & GE 9 cell Matrix, – Business Level Strategy Analysis: Life Cycle Analysis, Porter’s Five Forces of Industry Analysis – Concept of Strategic Decision Making. Subjective Factors in Strategic Choice and Process of Strategic Choice IV Strategy Implementation: [18 %] – Interrelation Between Strategy Formulation and Implementation – Aspects of Strategy Implementation – An overview of Project, Procedural Implementation, Resourc e Allocation – Structural Implementation: An overview of: Structural Consideration, Structure for Strategies. – Behavioral Implementation: An overview of: Leadership, Corporate Culture, Corporate Politics and Use of Power, Personal Values and Business Ethics. Functional /Operational Implementation: An overview of: Functional Strategies. V Strategy Evaluation and Control : [13%] – An Overview of Strategic Evaluation and Control – Strategic Control and Operational Control – Techniques for Strategic Evaluation and Control – Role of Organizational Systems in Evaluation – Mc Kinsey’s 7s Framework. VI. Cases in Strategic Management: [18%] – Minimum five cases encompassing the above topics to be analyzed and discussed in the class. Cases to be incorporated in Question Paper

Willy Russell Wrote Educating Rita

Throughout the play Wily Russell successfully conveys the message that education is more than just passing exams. He does this by characterization, language, form and structure, society and history, all of which I will be covering in this essay. Wily Russell characterization of Frank and Rata allows the audience to be aware of each of their needs and exaggerates their changes by the end of the play. They act as needy educators, progressing, learning and teaching one another.Frank Is Rite's English professor, he Is drunken, delusional and generally, worn down by his circumstances such as his failed marriage and his Inability to continue writing his poetry, but he Is educated. Frank Is unhappy In life, we can see this as he has an excessive need to drink alcohol. In order to fuel his adulation he has taken on Open university applicants, â€Å"l suppose I did take it on to pay for the drink†. Wily Russell created Frank with a drink problem because it shows he is miserable in life , as he needs to drink to numb the pain and ignore his sadness.He is extremely self deprecating, â€Å"it's myself I'm not too fond of†, this is because he sees himself as being responsible for his failed marriage, he dislikes his robotic students and his poetry is unpublished, Frank knows that Rata will lose her originality, â€Å"you will have to abandon our uniqueness in order to pass examinations. I'm going to have to change you. â€Å", and therefore this Is a worry to him. These unfortunate events have led to Frank having a low self-esteem resulting in Franks abuse of his own body by way of drink.Frank Is a poor role model as he doesn't realism he needs to face his problems and change because he Is old, traditional, stuck In his ways, and thinks It's too late, this Is symbolized when Rata tells Frank to fit the door handle, Frank says â€Å"l suppose I always mean to† to which Rata responds â€Å"that's no good always meaning' to, is it? â€Å". I think this n essential part of Franks character because he needs someone to aid him and bring about the process of self-improvement, someone to show him that life is more than being unhappy and someone to boost his self-esteem, Rata.Rata is an opinionated, intimidated, open minded, honest, naive, working class, Lilliputian hairdresser going against expectations in order to seek an education. When asked by Frank, â€Å"What do you want to know? † she replies, â€Å"Everything†. Despite hurdles she has got to a position In life where she has the opportunity to change and she Is determined to do so, as she wants to know â€Å"everything†.Wily Russell has created Rata In this Individual unique manner, she neither fits the norms expected of her peers nor Franks ‘Robotic students', so that she is a breath of fresh air into Despite helping Frank later in the novel Rata becomes reluctant to do so as she starts to think that he is helpless, â€Å"If you could stop pouring th at Junk down your throat in the hope that it'll make you feel like a poet you might be able to talk about things that matter†. She realizes that he needs her more than she needs him and therefore moves further away from him.In the opening stages of the novel Rata is very eager ND determined to learn; this is unusual of Franks students and is the reason why he values her fresh uniqueness so highly. Wily Russell has given Rata great determination; this enables her to not only make significant changes to herself but also to change Frank because he admires her as do the audience, â€Å"l think you're marvelous†. Atone point in the play Frank is reluctant to educate Rata as he doesn't consider himself worthy to teach her without her Joining the ranks of his robotic students, however as usual Rata has the last word and wins Frank over.Wily Russell has characterized Rata and Frank in this manner so that they can learn room each other, although Frank sees his role in Rite's lif e as her educator he himself will be forced to accommodate significant changes in life by Rata. I think Wily Russell is very successful in reflecting on the whole of society's way of life through Frank and Rata, showing their differences and how education involves more than Just gaining knowledge of literature. It is important that as an audience we like the characters and we have a relationship with them so their well being becomes an interest to us.This makes the play more exciting and involves the audience because if something bad happens to the harassers it affects us too, if something good happens this affects us equally. A character can also be intentionally portrayed so that the audience dislike them, this still creates a relationship with the character and still involves the audience and an example of this portrayal of character is Denny. I felt angry when Denny burnt Rite's books because he was trying to deny Rata, an endearing character, of an education and I was happy whe n Rata moved out.Russell makes us sympathies with the two characters as he wants the audience to care for and be involved with Frank and Rata, also characteristic them to be endearing. He does this by making Rata confide in the audience and Frank as well as being extremely open. He makes Frank unhappy in life, miserable and self- deprecating. Instead of walking into the classroom and talking about literature Rata talks about other matters such as smoking â€Å"l hate smoking' on me own. An' everyone seems to have packed it in these days†, art â€Å"that's a nice picture, isn't it? And swearing, â€Å"it's the aristocracy that swears more than anyone†. When asked, â€Å"would you like to sit down? † by Frank she sharply replied â€Å"no! † as she is not a typical student. These hints of individuality make us like Rata because she is new to us as she is to Frank. Mire's the first breath of air that's been in this room for years†. She passionately tel ls us everything about herself and enjoys talking to us. We can see this as she says, â€Å"l talk too much, don't l? I know I talk a lot. I don't at home. I hardly ever talk when I'm there.But I don't often get the chance to talk to someone like you; her back and like her talking to us. We sympathies with Rata because she has had a hard time getting to a point at which she is able to have an education and she has difficulties in learning because of the issues at home. In Act 1 Scene 4 Rata tells us that she writes her essays at work because her husband doesn't like her doing it at home, â€Å"Denny gets dead marked if I work at home. He doesn't like me doing' this. I can't be bothered arguing' with him†.Some people may not sympathies with Rata because she often doesn't let Frank have a say, interrupts him and puts him in uncomfortable situations such as when she says â€Å"Look at those its†, this makes Rata seem over powering and insensitive towards Frank who is alr eady unhappy in life. The audience sympathies with Frank because he is unhappy in life and often puts himself own â€Å"Everything I know†¦ Is that I know absolutely nothing†. We feel sorry for Frank as we can see that he is a better person than he thinks he is. As we already have established that we like Rata the fact that she likes Frank makes us like him too.She tells Frank â€Å"If I'd got some other tutor I wouldn't have stayed† she also says he is scoring â€Å"ten out of ten† and tells him to â€Å"go to the top of the class an' collect a gold star†. We trust Rata that Frank is a good person. The popularity of a character is often dependent on another characters views, such as when Rata speaks badly of Denny, â€Å"l hint he's thick†, this hints towards what Dyne's character will be like in the play and straight away puts him down in the audiences eyes. People may not sympathies towards Frank in instances such as Act One, Scene Four whe n Frank gives Rata his work to criticism, â€Å"you want literacy criticism?I want an essay on this lot by next week† Frank could be seen as guilt tripping Rata because she will now be forced to return to Frank and speak badly of his work. This will be portrayed as hurting Frank as he is already fragile and could be seen as a nasty act on Rite's part, she will have to act superior to her professor and put him down. Frank misjudged Rite's character and put her in a potentially damaging situation, which caused Rata a lot of stress and discomfort, â€Å"What me? Some stupid woman who gives us all a laugh because she thinks she can learn† and â€Å"I'm a freak†.Franks efforts to include Rata in an upper class circle could have been seen as inconsiderate as she wasn't at the stage where she could comfortably fit in, he should have reassessed to situation to ensure he wasn't doing Rata any harm. Also, Franks reluctance to teach Rata could be seen as selfish because he is more concerned about himself losing her company than her being pappy. However, I believe that Frank was looking at the situation from both of their points of view; he was never trying to hurt or slow Rite's progression but instead, think what was best for her.As Rata becomes educated she learns about different aspects of literature such as sentimentality, subjectivity and literary criticism. She studies a number of authors and becomes knowledgeable of literature. We can see that Rata has learned about literature when Frank says â€Å"you recognize the hallmark of literature now'. She recites Blake from memory â€Å"O Rose, thou art sick† and is knowledgeable of him muff don't do Blake without doing Innocence and Experience†. She talks about Peer Gent, Blake and Shakespeare â€Å"We were talking about Shakespeare†.Rata can now make her own decisions about literature, Frank earlier commented that Rata would not â€Å"richer† if she looks â€Å"below th e surface†. Rite's newly acquired knowledge is vital in the role of the beginning of change. She uses her literary skills when talking to other students and making new friends. However this literature would not be important to her if she didn't want to change as she is using education to empower her, this would not be necessary if she did not desire change. Rata learns a lot about life throughout the play which shows that education is more than Just about passing exams.Rata learns that through education she can break away from the traditional expectations placed on a working class woman in the sass's and by the end of the play she realizes that education offers freedom to make choices in life. She also learns that education in itself does not provide a better life but does give her the empowerment to make change if she so wishes, â€Å"l might go to France, I might go to me mother's. I might even have a baby. I Dunn. I'll make a decision. I'll choose†. Education has giv en Rata a new unique outlook on people; she learns to see them for who they are and not for their class or literature knowledge.Through education Rata found new confidence in her ability to achieve much more than she ever thought possible, it opened up new horizons for her. By the end of the play Rata had knowledge of literature but more importantly she had a greater understanding of life. What Rata learned about literature will help her to pass exams and in the long run will only affect her in a small way compared with what she learned about life that will affect everything she does such as her thinking, reasoning, the way she treats others and herself.Education matured Rata and gave her skills and choices that will stay with her forever giving the message that education is about more than Just passing exams. Frank learns that he is a better teacher than he thought he was at the start of the play and learns to reinvent his teaching skills, â€Å"l wanted to come back an' tell y th at. That hay good teacher. † He sees that his knowledge has empowered Rata and has potentially made her happier.However, Frank may think that Rite's changes are bad ND feel responsible for Rite's loss of individuality as he did earlier in the play, â€Å"l shall insist upon being known as Mary, Mary Shelley', by saying this and referring to the author of Frankincense Frank is questioning his skills as a teacher because he think he has created a monster in Rata. Rite's open personality inspires Frank to face his problems more head on â€Å"If you could stop pouring that Junk down your throat in the hope that it'll make you feel like a poet you might be able to talk about things that matter†.In the earlier stages of the play Frank was hiding from problems such as his rink issues, unhealthy diet, relationships, lack of confidence and attitude towards Rite's education. Rata influences Frank because he sees the way she accommodates change in herself which in turn encourages him to take a close look at himself and the ways he too can change, she adds humor and Joy to his life helping him to not view himself so negatively.Following this process Frank learns to be more relaxed about life and face his problems rather than hiding behind his drunkenness, Rite's personality inspires Frank to be more light-hearted and reveal Franks true self. By he end of the play I think that Franks changes as a teacher are more important to him because he realizes that he has to power to influence people, now that he has discovered this it will be easier for him to practice and take into account when around him.What Frank learns as a person is still very important to him but by the end of the play he seems to forget all that he has learnt by reverting to his old ways, in Act Two Scene Three we find out that Frank gave a lecture drunk, â€Å"Passed? I was glorious! Fell off the rostrum twice† and says to Rata, â€Å"Sod them – no, buck them! , this shows that what Frank learnt wasn't as important to him because he choose to take the easy way out rather than the more beneficial way to himself. Russell uses Rite's language to show Rite's changes.At the start of the play Rata speaks in a crude and socially unacceptable manner. As she becomes educated she is inspired by Trash's dialect and mimics her choice of language. However, by the end of the play Rata reverts back to her old manners of talking like an uneducated woman. When Rata first meets Frank she speaks in a very strong Lilliputian accent and is very direct, she TTS people in uncomfortable positions, this can be seen when she starts to talk about an erotic painting using words such as â€Å"its†.Frank reacts to this by coughing and hastily looking down on some papers, this shows he is embarrassed talking about a sexual topic unlike Rata. Rite's language represents her as being uneducated, Frank speaks in a posh way, as he is educated; his vocabulary is wide and well chosen. T he different language makes it easy for the audience to realism and be reminded of their different backgrounds; language is a good comparison between the two characters. In the next scene Rata changes her language, she tries to speak like an educated upper class member, when asked â€Å"What's wrong with your voice? By Frank, Rata replies, â€Å"Nothing is wrong with it, Frank. I have merely decided to talk properly. As Trash says there is not a lot of point in discussing beautiful literature in an ugly voice. † Rata chooses to change her voice because she doesn't feel worthy of discussing poetry in her own â€Å"ugly' voice, she considers her newfound self to be of more importance than her uneducated self and therefore wants to rid of any relations to her old ways. She has lost her uniqueness and innocence that Frank valued so highly in her.I don't think this change in Rite's character is a positive one because it shows that Rata considers class and status to be more impor tant than a person, I think that this change will not make Rata any happier because she is only doing it to please Trash, and despite not knowing this at the time, it does not suit her other unique characteristics. By the end of the play Rata averts back to her original language, she says, â€Å"l Dunn. He's a bit of a wander really. But Vive never been abroad. An' me mother's invited me to here's for Christmas.I think this is because Rata has realized that language is an unimportant external change and doesn't make a person any happier. Rata is still liked by Frank despite her uneducated language possibly even more so because it gives her individuality. Rata language is probably similar to Russell own, as he is from Liverpool. Having Rata speak in such a manner makes the play appeals to people whose language is similar and will allow Rata to be easily related to by a wider audience. Wily Russell only has two characters in the play; this unusual amount helps exaggerate the differen ces between Frank and Rata.They create a culture clash as they were brought up in different manners; they have different backgrounds and now have different expectations for the future. In the past Frank was educated and grew up to live in â€Å"Former' an upper-class part of Liverpool. Now, he has lost all his aspirations and lives to drink, â€Å"l did take it on to pay for the educated because she thought â€Å"studio' was Just for wimps† and didn't try hard at school because it would have parted her from her friends, â€Å"if I'd started taking' school seriously I would have had to become different from me mates, an' that's not allowed†.Now, Rata wants an education, she wants to learn â€Å"everything† and her hopes for the future are to discover herself, â€Å"See, I want discover myself first. Do you understand that? † The two characters learn from each other. Russell has put Rata and Frank together because they educate each other, in terms other t han Just literature and examinations. They are moving towards one another's pasts and are both needy of each other. At this point in the novel Franks influences on Rata have been focused mainly in an academic sense, â€Å"assonance. Well, it's a form of rhyme†.Rata teachings have inspired Frank, â€Å"l think you're the first breath of air that's been in this room for years†; possibly even driving Frank away from his predicted future. Having two characters in the play makes it easier for the audience to hear Frank and Rite's opinions. It is easier for the audience to see how they are different I. E. In language. And finally, it makes the audience endear towards the characters because they are different and willing to help each other. We don't like one and dislike the other because we sympathies with them both and their different situations.However, there are some problems with having only two characters, the audience could get uninterested because of the lack of variet y created in the play. We only see the story from two different viewpoints and therefore have a limited understanding of the social effects and implications of the play. It could be difficult for the audience to fully understand the impact of the characters changes on Frank and Rite's family and friends as we are never given a first person account. Russell uses clever devices such as Dramatic Irony in the play.Dramatic Irony occurs whenever we see one of the characters say something negative of the other because we know they like each other through their body language and speech, â€Å"He glances at his watch, moves to the window, looks out, glances at his watch again and then moves across to the books. † In this case Franks body language clearly shows he is waiting with great anticipation for Rite's arrival. He also often compliments her to the point at which his efforts could be perceived as a little flirtatious, â€Å"irresistible thing like you†.Rite's speech indic ates she too likes Frank â€Å"Because you're a crazy mad pips artist who ants to throw his students out the window, an' I like you†. Rata shows her affection more openly than Frank despite her insult. The Dramatic Irony keeps Frank and Rite's relationship more interesting to the audience and makes the audience intent on watching the play as they want to know how their relationship ends. An interesting relationship is vital in this particular play because there are only two characters and so much of the play is dependent on their varying relation.The structure of the play changes throughout. In Act One Rata needed Frank to teach her, she was demanding, Hereford she controlled the action, said the most and always had the last say. However in the next act, Rata changes her voice and accent, attempting to speak like a member of the upper class and converses freely with Franks other students as she thinks she is educated and therefore is on their level. There is a dramatic revers e in roles at this point in the novel.It is now that Frank needs Rata, Frank needs to change doesn't need Franks help anymore and accuses him of trying to hold her back, now that she knows â€Å"what clothes to wear, what wine to buy, what plays to see, what papers and books to read†. Rata thinks differently to what she did before, Frank earlier commented that Rata would not â€Å"overcomplicated† Blake, but she now makes her decision that Flake's poetry is â€Å"richer† if she looks â€Å"below the surface†, this shows she doesn't think she needs Frank to tell her what to do anymore.The more Rata is changing the less dependent she becomes upon Frank. She makes independent decisions and believes she is better than Frank as she goes against his word, â€Å"l don't need you. Vive got a room full of books†. She adopts an opposite view to at the start of the play when she begged for Franks enlightening knowledge. Frank expresses his views to this chang e and says to Rata, â€Å"Found a new song to sing have you†, this suggests that Frank doesn't like Rite's change and thinks she is pretending to be something she's not.This change made me empathic with Frank because he is still interested in Rata and she is no longer interested in him. Frank has given Rata much throughout the course of the play and Rata seems unwilling to help Frank in return at his time of need. If I were to direct to play I would dress Rata in costume that symbolisms school life and education to exaggerate her change. She would be rearing a university scarf or Jumper apposed to cheap, second hand, common clothes representing an uneducated person of working class status, which she may have worn at the start of the play.Frank would be dressed in a messy, worn, suit and his classroom would be untidy and dusty especially the bookcase in order to exaggerate one well kept book hiding a supply of alcohol. The set is important because it is a part of Frank that is enticing for Rata, â€Å"I'm guan have a room like this one day. There's nothing phones about it. Everything in its right place. (After a pause. ) It's a mess. But it's a perfect mess. This use of costume and set would exaggerate both Frank and Rite's characters, providing a visual representation for the audience.Russell makes the audience think about society by using stereotypes and prejudices. His particular use of stereotyping raises a number of questions amongst the audience, concerning the following issues; society's influence, the government, the education system and personal values. Rata is a working class hairdresser, â€Å"you're a ladies hairdresser†, living on an estate in Liverpool, â€Å"our estate†, expected to stay at home and raise a family. This stereotypical working class woman trying to better resell makes us question our values.We ask ourselves whether or not it is right that society tells us what to do, is it right that Rata should be told to sta y at home with her harnessing husband and be forced to have a baby against her will, â€Å"Come off the pill, let's have a baby', or should Rata be allowed to push her family into uncertainty in attempting to better herself? In the 1970/sass the government overlooked the working class, they suffered due to the lack of investment made in the housing and schools, their chances in life were reduced and not cared about.The working class ere kept suppressed and unknowing so that they didn't start to question other peoples or the government's values. Most accepted the dreary situation, as it was hard to bring about change. Education empowered those who had it and those who audience see that it is not Rite's fault that she got into the miserable situation she did in life. Hearing of Rite's family personally made me angry as they conformed to typical stereotypes and were categorized by society, at first when reading the play I was cross that they couldn't see ahead and see any other aspect s of life other than theirs, â€Å"he's blind, he doesn't want to see†.However my mood and feelings towards Rite's family changed as my anger turned to sympathy. Denny is scared of change, he feels safe in his current situation because he knows it. He feels threatened by Rite's change and therefore he tries to stop her, â€Å"he'd burnt me books and papers†, Denny is not trying to change, unlike Rata Denny is following another stereotype, being uneducated he is not willing to change. He is safe in his world and doesn't want Rata to branch out and explore other aspects of life because this would mean change to Denny. Denny doesn't want to be affected; he thinks he is happy living in his cocoon.If Rata gets an education Denny will lose control and will no longer be able to conform to societies expectations of a man to provide. I felt sorry for Denny because to him Rata was having an affair with education, â€Å"Rata: You'd think I was having' a bloody affair. Frank: Are n't you? † This has the same effect to Denny as it would is Rata had an affair with a man, however having an affair with another man would be socially unacceptable and Denny would receive more support, instead he would be left â€Å"wondering' where the girl he married has gone†.By Rite's family going out, getting drunk and singing, â€Å"l .NET into the pub an' they were singing', all of them singing'. † They are accepting their situation but also trying to escape from it at the same time. Rite's mother says to her â€Å"there are better songs to sing than this†, this metaphor means that the family could be doing better for themselves. Rata wants to get away from this, she probably sees herself in her family and realizes that she needs to move on. Information about Trash affects us in two very different ways.At first Rata builds a picture that enables us to form an impression of an educated, refined woman from an educated family, Know she's dead classy. Y . Now like, she's got taste, Winnow like you Frank†, this information makes the audience happy because Trash now symbolisms what Rata is aspiring to and Rata is closer to achieving her goal of bettering herself. When Trash attempts to commit suicide we are distraught because Rite's dreams have been shattered, â€Å"l thought she was so cool an' together – I came home the other night an' she'd tried to top herself. Magic isn't it? â€Å".Rata has been crushed by someone she longs to be. The information makes us cross because we like Rata and sympathies with her. Wily Russell suggests there is a middle ground between the working class and the upper lass by making Rata a freethinker and giving her educated views on all aspects of society, â€Å"Just because you think we're all O. K. , that we're all surviving', with the spirit intact† and â€Å"he's blind, he doesn't want to see†, Rite's thoughts and attitudes toward the world are broad and are not limited like those of her family she can reflect on her own situations and is not â€Å"blind†.Without these views Rata would be part of the stereotypical working-class, this can be seen by Franks prejudice views on Rata before and after he meets her, he starts by saying â€Å"some silly woman's attempt to get into he mind of Henry James† and after meeting her changes his views and speaks fondly of her, describing her as â€Å"funny, delightful, and charming†. Rata feels as though she is out of place with her family yet also does not feel comfortable with Frank and his associates.My opinions on a middle ground based on Russell suggestions are that the middle ground is a classification of working class that aren't ‘stuck in a rut'. A middle ground is based on thoughts and attitudes such as Rite's open-minded thoughtful views. Choices in education in the 1970/sass's seem limited, especially to the working class. Just by writing the play Russell make's the point that it is highly unusual that a working class woman is having a higher education.Attitudes were also very bad concerning school and education, Rata tells us about her past views about school, â€Å"studying' was Just for wimps† and she is surprised she got another chance to go to university and get a higher education, â€Å"l was dead surprised when they took me†. In the early sass's it was even possible to leave school and start work at the age of 15, choices in education have changed vastly as it is now an accepted norm that a woman such as Rata could go to university.The descriptions of the education system make us cross as the government at that time didn't care much for education and a lack of investments were input to the education system. Rata shows that the old education system failed many that had the potential to be educated. However, she also shows us that against all odds you can achieve the unexpected. Russell makes the main point that education can be a form of escape; it doesn't provide all the answers but gives a person choice and empowerment. Education makes a person consider all the options and look at life from different aspects.Education is always the fuel behind improvements made in the characters and shows that Russell thinks educations main purpose is to improve upon oneself. Wily Russell is extremely successful at teaching us lessons about the purpose of education as most of the lessons learnt show that education is about more than Just passing exams. I think â€Å"Educating Rata† brilliantly raises themes of social class, education, relationships and personal changes; the play is a credit to Russell skills as a writer as he writes about serious issues in a comical manner, which attracts an extremely widened audience.