Abortion Paper Essays - Human Reproduction, Sexual Reproduction, Law

Abortion Paper The coexistence of opposite and conflicting feelings about abortion is centuries old. Disagreements between public policy, morality and individual behavior on this issue existed even at the time of Plato and Aristotle. In the past few decades abortion issue has been brought into sharper focus and has been vigorously debated. A number of factors are responsible for this but perhaps the major one has been that associated with the sexual revolution which accentuates freedom in all matters sexual and in spite of or even because of the tremendous and indiscriminate increase in the distribution of contraceptives. Judges have ruled, politicians have legislated, but the controversy on this issue is still shaking our society. Since the late 1960's abortion has been shifting from a predominantly illegitimate status toward a more legitimate one. Several cases have been fought for the right to choose. Many of these have been hard cases with very personal feelings, but the perseverance showed through and gives us the rights we have today. In 1965 Griswold v. Connecticut upheld the right the right to privacy and ended the ban on birth control. Eight years later, the Supreme Court ruled the right to privacy included abortions. In Roe vs. Wade Supreme Court stated that it is the women's right to have an abortion if she so chooses. In Jan 1988 the abortion section of the Criminal Code of Canada was struck down in Morgentaler decision. (Gentles, 13). Most arguments against granting women the right to abortion are based on religious and moral prohibitions, defending the sanctity of human life. Opponents of abortion rely on the premise that the fetus is a human being, a person from the moment of conception. Anti- abortionist proclaim that they are pro-life. However, they spend so much time establishing that the fetus is a person and therefore has a right to live that they forget about mothers rights or simply ignore her existence. The word "murder" is often used by pro-lifers to describe abortion. Murder means deliberate and unjustified killing of another person containing intent. How can anybody see an evil intent in a woman's decision to interrupt pregnancy if it is a result of rape or incest? A woman cannot bear the thought of having a child that would be a constant reminder of what had happened on such and such a day, such and such number of years ago. She doesn't want to kill a baby, she wants to interrupt the growth of an embryo so that it will not become a baby. She interrupts potential life. But potential life is just that, potential. It is interesting to note that these same people, who place so much emphasis on protecting the fetus seem to care so little about what happens to children after they are born. The vast majority oppose government welfare programs to help support needy and dependent children. These people are also in favor of the death penalty and see the killing that goes on during war as justified and noble. My personal belief is that each woman should have a right to decide whether she wants to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. For reason's of women's right to self-determination, protection of their health, adequate care of children which are born and in order to prevent child abuse and mental disease, easy access to abortion is a must. Most abortions occur because contraception failed, because of a rape or because of a serious medical condition of the mother which could lead to her death. In these situations abortion is often the only way that prevents the birth of an unwanted child or saves a mothers life. Large percentage of women who have to deal with unwanted pregnancies are teenagers. Pregnancy often has catastrophic effects on adolescents. They drop out of school, have nervous breakdowns, even commit suicide. It is also unsafe for them to go through with pregnancy. Dr. Henry Morgentaler writes: "Mortality among pregnant teenage girls is sixty percent higher than among adult women, one of the reasons being that the pregnancy depletes the resources that the need for their own growth. Congenital malformations are also more frequent among babies whose mothers are under eighteen" (Morgentaler, 32). Many teenagers cannot provide the right conditions for raising a child for they are children themselves. Having a baby will often mean an end of future career, poverty and complications in health. Another issue is when pregnant women are older. They no longer feel prepared to shoulder an obligation of motherhood. Most of these women already have grown-up children and sometimes even grandchildren. From medical point of view their health is also in danger:

Clinical implications of hypnotherapy Essay Example

Clinical implications of hypnotherapy Essay Example Clinical implications of hypnotherapy Essay Clinical implications of hypnotherapy Essay Hypnosis is a focused form of concentration Hypnotherapy is based on the power of suggestion A woman would be able to induce her own state of altered consciousness through hypnotherapy. Hypnosis is commonly used today to provide relief for women in the process of labor. Self hypnosis can be taught and learned by a woman who wishes to try out an alternative form of therapy and pain relief for her labor. It is believed that hypnosis would help women gain some relief from the ‘Fear-Tension-Pain Syndrome’, which actually exacerbates the pain during labor. The Syndrome actually causes the blood to flow away from non-essential organs like the uterus while the woman is in labor, leading it to accumulate in the muscles of the legs, for example. This could mean that the woman would be faced with additional pain in her limbs to contend with. Relaxation of the muscles would provide relief for the woman in labor Hypnotherapy uses positive affirmations and suggestions. These are used to walk the woman through her pain. She can relax her body She can calm her mind She can also control her breathing, and become more relaxed, and more able to deal with the labor pain The laboring woman can ask a hypnotherapist for assistance in hypnosis She can also   can practice self hypnosis In a study conducted by a group of obstetricians on perinatal records, it was found that those women who had chosen hypnotherapy for help and support during labor used significantly less sedatives, analgesia and regional anesthesia, as compared to those women who did not believe in hypnotherapy. The study also revealed another amazing fact: for women who had used hypnotherapy during labor, the 1 minute Apgar score for the neonatal was found to be much higher than for the infants of those women who opted for not using hypnotherapy. Nurses must be trained in the art of hypnotherapy Training would help them know about alternative methods of pain control, especially if they could thereby provide comprehensive care for a laboring woman. Hypnotherapy has been criticized as a theoretical act by experts. Hypnotherapy has also been characterized as something that makes an individual lose her self control. No one can force someone into a hypnotic state: it has to be done willingly by the participant. Self hypnosis can help a woman greatly when she is in the throes of labor. It can also provide great relief from the Fear-Tension-Pain Syndrome, a vicious cycle of fear of labor and labor pain, which leads to greater tension, which in turn can increase the pain that she is feeling already. Hypnotherapy can help a woman through the Fear-Tension-Pain Syndrome. It relaxes the woman’s tensed muscles during labor, as it utilizes and takes advantage of positive thoughts and suggestions to relax the woman and make her feel at ease with herself and with the labor pains she is undergoing. Hypnotherapy can help a woman through the Fear-Tension-Pain Syndrome. It relaxes the woman’s tensed muscles during labor, as it utilizes and takes advantage of positive thoughts and suggestions to relax the woman and make her feel at ease with herself and with the labor pains she is undergoing. In a study conducted by a group of obstetricians on perinatal records, it was found that those women who had chosen hypnotherapy for help and support during labor used significantly less sedatives, analgesia and regional anesthesia, as compared to those women who did not believe in hypnotherapy. The study also revealed another amazing fact: for women who had used hypnotherapy during labor, the 1 minute Apgar score for the neonatal was found to be much higher than for the infants of those women who opted for not using hypnotherapy. In certain cases, it may be impossible for a nurse to help   a patient practice self hypnosis, or even to offer help through hypnotherapy. The reason may be that the laboring woman may be suffering from certain severe psychological illnesses, or she may have certain undiagnosed problems, which may prevent her from enjoying the benefits of hypnotherapy. She may also be disinterested in the concept, and may unconsciously oppose it, or she may belong to a religious sect that is contradictory towards hypnotherapy. Clinical trials revealed the fact that when epidural analgesia was used on laboring women as a form of pain relief, it led to a lower rate of spontaneous vaginal delivery, and also a more chances of an instrument assisted delivery. The woman was prone to a longer labor time, as well as to developing hypotension, and fever, all complications that must be avoided during labor. When narcotic analgesics were used on a laboring woman, it was found that the woman would develop a phalanx of other problems and complications that would necessitate medical interventions that could have been avoided. In addition, the newborn baby was also prone to developing respiratory depression. It would be best for a woman to learn self hypnosis or sign in for hypnotherapy when she is in the ante partum phase of her pregnancy. This would make her comfortable with the technique, and also help her make full use of the benefits. HK was a healthy Caucasian married woman in her thirties She believed birth was a natural process which must go on without interference These are the references that I used All about hypnosis in labor, from http://pregnancy.about.com/cs/naturalchildbirth/a/aahypnobirth.htm Self Hypnosis, alternative anesthesia for childbirth, from mcnjournal.com/pt/re/mcn/abstract.00005721-200211000-00007.htm;jsessionid=HQXht6KwzN7znQPz35q21TSFN1SzBK7lHhpZ8ynlGyBQMqsLG9D7!607026366!181195629!8091!-1 Hypnosis for childbirth, from http://lib.bioinfo.pl/auth:VandeVusse,L Hypnosis in labor, from http://209.85.175.104/search?q=cache:yYfhPZPhow8J:www.hypnobirthingglasgow.co.uk/research2.pdf+Clinical+implications+of+hypnotherapy+on+laboring+womenhl=enct=clnkcd=3gl=in Is hypnotherapy an aid to natural childbirth? From hypnos.co.uk/hypnomag/williams.html Natal Hypnotherapy, how does it work? From natalhypnotherapy.co.uk/1676/index.html Hypnotherapy. From http://healthlibrary.epnet.com/GetContent.aspx?token=e0498803-7f62-4563-8d47-5fe33da65dd4chunkiid=37407

Behavioural Economics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Behavioural Economics - Assignment Example Thus, this discussion seeks to analyze the cognitive process of organizing, using and keeping track of financial usage for individuals and households, as related to the forecasting for possible attainment of gains or losses. In realizing this evaluation, the discussion will first assess the process of assigning and grouping different financial expenditures into different categories referred to as mental accounts, followed by the evaluation of the factors informing the choice financial spending or investment functions to align with the predicted chances of gains or losses. The Mental Accounting Theory provides an explanation related to how households and individuals keep track of where their incomes are going and how such entities apply active cognitive processes to control their financial spending (Dawes, 2001:47). The difference between conventional financial accounting undertaken by business entities and the mental accounting applied by individuals and households is that; there lacks specific and elaborate rules on how mental accounting procedures should be undertaken. Thus, the process of mental accounting can only be achieved through observing financial behaviors, and then inferring rules to the behaviors, so as to control future spending. Thus, due to the lack of elaborate rules to guide financial allocations to various individual or household spending activities, these entities apply a variety of subjective criteria that sees finances prioritized and allocated to different spending functions, for example based on the sources of the incomes or t he intent for the specific functions (Baddeley, 2013:147). Thus, the Mental Accounting Theory provides that individuals and households irrationally assign different spending functions to a certain asset group, which in turn results in detrimental effects on the spending behavior and consumption decisions subsequently mad by the entities (Tversky & Kahneman, 1981:455). In this respect,

What I learned in this Class Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

What I learned in this Class - Essay Example Inflation is the persistent increase in prices of goods and services, it decreases the purchasing power of currency. Inflation normally drags productivity as companies are forced to shift resources away from products and services to focus on losses and profits received from currency inflation (Ohanian 2010). Monetary policy is the process the government through its monetary authority tries to control the supply of money and the rate of interest. Monetary decisions are affected by various factors such as long term interests, exchange rates, bonds and equities (Woodford 2010). IS curve is the investment-saving curve where total private investment equals total saving. The equilibrium between savings and investment is portrayed by each point on the curve. Stabilization policy are measures introduced to stabilize a financial or economy crisis (Romer 2000). They are discretionary policy which are business cycle stabilization and crisis. The great recession was observed in world markets at the end of first decade of 21st century. It was caused by widespread failures in financial regulations. The labor market is where employees and workers interact with each other, labor demand is the firm’s demand for labor and labor supply is worker’s supply of labor (Davis 2006). Unemployment applies when people are without work and are actively seeking work. Unemployment highly occurs when an economy is under recession (Elsby 2010). They are different types of unemployment such as structural, classical, cyclical and long-term unemployment. Taxation is the imposition of levies or financial charges on taxpayers in order to finance public expenditures. The tax is collected by a government agency, they are various kinds of taxes such as income, capital gains, value added tax and sales tax (Mankiw 2009). International trade is the exchange of goods, services and capital across international territories (exports and imports). It gives

Relationship between Money Supply and Inflation in Saudi Arabia Math Problem

Relationship between Money Supply and Inflation in Saudi Arabia - Math Problem Example Lucas (1995) has always put emphasis that there is a long run connection connecting money supply to prices of goods. Inflation and money supply cannot be separated and where there is inflation, there is monetary phenomenon. The increase in money supply is the root cause of increase in prices of commodities and this is what constitutes the central dogma of inflation.   Inflation has been categorized as either domestic or imported. This is because inflation may come as a result of increased cost of imports (high prices on imported goods) and services from within the country or due to the monetary exchange rates (Jackson & Miles 2006). Inflation is hence the product of the interrelations between money supply and production. Bearing this convention in mind, economist theories are divided into three schools; 1.  The ones that believe the process itself is the determining factor (Keynesian)2.  those who believe that the monetary effects are determinants (monetarists)3.  those who b elieve that production (supply) is the determining factor showing lack of products (goods and services) as dominant factor that causes inflation Internal inflation is as a result of increased supply and credit. Inflation can also be described as undue increase of a country’s currency or expansion of the cash amount particularly issuance of paper money not redeemable in specie. According to monetarists, monetary effect on inflation is as a result of money supply and that the increase rate is faster than that of national income growth.... Inflation is hence the product of the interrelations between money supply and production. Bearing this convention in mind, economist theories are divided into three schools; 1. The ones that believe the process itself is the determining factor (Keynesian) 2. those who believe that the monetary effects are determinants (monetarists) 3. those who believe that production (supply) is the determining factor showing lack of products (goods and services) as dominant factor that causes inflation Internal inflation is as a result of increased supply and credit. Inflation can also be described as undue increase of a country's currency or expansion of the cash amount particularly issuance of paper money not redeemable in specie. According to monetarists, monetary effect on inflation is as a result of money supply and that the increase rate is faster than that of national income growth. The quantity theory of money derives the following expression: M V = P Y Where (M) is money supply, (V) is velocity of money, (P) is the price index, plus (Y) as real income. Monetarists assert the velocity V to be fixed while the national income (Gross Domestic Product) Y is determined by supply factors and is hence independent variable affecting money supply. Accordingly, there is a direct correlation in existence. If a considerable rise in the money supply, the extent at which price height will go up by the same margin. By this perception, a rise in the money supply would lead to a similar boost in cumulative demand in the short-run the rise would cause another rise in the actual degree of output. On the other hand, there would be an increase in earnings which will cause and increase in inflation and thus the

Pablo Neruda Biography

Pablo Neruda Biography Introduction Pablo Neruda’s poetic skills came to light while he was still a teen. He did his writings in diverse styles which include historical epics, surrealist poems, a prose autobiography, overtly political manifestos, and erotically-charged love poems. In most cases he used green ink in his writings, which symbolized desire and hope from a personal perspective. He believed in communism and advocated for world peace and unity, victimized in his native nation and compelled to exile, his output is a manifestation that protects the cultural legacy of Chile and the larger South American region. Life experiences influenced his writing Childhood His real name was Neftalà ­ Ricardo Reyes Basoalto and his town of birth is Parral, Chile on 12th, 1904. He was born to Rosa Basoalto Opazo and Josà © del Carmen Reyes Morales. The later was a railway worker and the former a school teacher; she died due to tuberculosis a couple of months after conceiving his first and only son. Pablo Neruda grew up in Temuco with half-sister Laura and half-brother Rodolfo. He went to the Men’s Lyceum of Temuco where he underwent his high school education. Early years 1917-1920 He published his maiden poems at age 13; while still in high school among them is â€Å"Entusiasmo y Perseverancia† in the regional daily â€Å"La Maà ±ana†. Come 1918 he published thirteen poems in the journal â€Å"Run and Fly† which include â€Å"My eyes†. Come 1919 he got the third prize in a home contest with his poem â€Å"Nocturno ideal†. His father was against his son’s writing interest; nonetheless Neruda got support from in his school tutors. Aged fifteen, Neruda met Gabriella Mistral, who was a tutor in the home girl’s school. She familiarized him with the work of European poets and predominantly Russian literature which inspired him the most. Due to the fact that Neruda intended to conceal his publications from his father he opted for the pseudonym of Pablo Neruda, thus all upcoming publications after October 1920 were published under that pseudonym. Jan Neruda, a Czech poet influenced the young poet from whom he acquired his last name. Afterwards he lawfully changed his name to Pablo Neruda. Universidad de Chile – 1921 His father wanted to see him become a teacher. Come 1921 when he was sixteen and after graduating from high school Neruda shifted to Santiago to learn French and Education at the University of Chile. He bore no interest in pedagogy; his drive was in learning French so that he could read French literature. After his arrival he did publish a chain of poems in the university magazine â€Å"Clarity† with Pablo Neruda as the signatory. In the course of this time as a student he created a good number of his renowned output and made his mark as a reputable poet. He associated with Rosa Albertina Azocar who was his influence for a sequence of poems in a Song of Despair and 20 Love Poems. It was evident that Pablo intended to follow a career in writing as a result his father cut financial supplies to him. Come July 1923 the maiden output of â€Å"Crepusculario† was published at the Student Federation of Chile by Clarity Editions. In the subsequent year, Nascimiento Editors publi shed the first edition of â€Å"Veinte Poemas de Amor y una Cancion Desesperada†, which would become one of his renowned and most translated outputs. Diplomatic career 1926 In his role as a writer, Neruda was experiencing financial constraints thus he started to look for a job as a consul. His achievements in literature and interactions enabled him get a consular job in Burma. He was a frequent contributor to the newspaper â€Å"La Nacion† in Santiago where he gave publishes regarding his travel chronics. Come 1929 he was dispatched to Colombo, Sri Lanka as a consul. In the process, he tried out diverse styles and did a succession of surrealistic poems that formed component to â€Å"Residencia en la tierra† one of his most vital outputs. Come February of 1932, he resettled in Santiago and was given a job in the Department of Cultural Extension of the Ministry of Labor, during this period the second edition of â€Å"Twenty Poems of Love and a Song of despair† was published. Come 1933, Neruda was chosen to be a Consul in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Nascimiento Editors published â€Å"Residence on Earth† restricting its publication to a lowly 100 print outs. Neruda was transferred to Madrid in 1935 in the same capacity as a consul as a replacement to Gabriela Mistral. Neruda was a founder of â€Å"Green Horse for poetry† a magazine that specializes in literature. He abandoned his family in Barcelona and hooked up with Delia del Carril. Spanish Civil War and communism Come July 1936 the Spanish Civil War started and Federico Garcia Lorca was killed by forces devoted to Franco. Consequence to this happening, Neruda became politicized laying allegiance to the republican side thus a communist for the remainder of his life. He remained neutral to political causes due to his role as a consul. He made publishes in secrecy of â€Å"Song to the mothers of the dead militants† captured in the literary journal â€Å"The blue monkey† which afterwards turned out to be a component of â€Å"Spain in the heart†. The government of Chile opted to close down its consulate in Madrid. He then afterwards moved to Paris alongside Delia del Carril and commenced his work in support of the Spanish Republic. He orchestrated the Latin American Committee in defense of the Spanish Republic and presented a conference regarding Federico Garcia Lorca, this was against the Chilean administration wishes. He made publishes of his takes in the magazine â€Å"The world poets defend the Spanish people† which was printed in French and in Spanish. He united with Peruvian Cesar Vallejo and discharged duties in the Association for the Defense of Culture. In the poem â€Å"I explain a few things† he exhibited a militant and radical tone with respect to political and social aspects. On moving back to his native Chile, he realized the Alliance of Intellectuals. The maiden edition of two thousand copies of â€Å"Espaà ±a en el Corazon† sold out in the first few days and two months later a second edition print outs were made. Mexico 1940 -1943 Come 1940 Neruda was assigned in Mexico City as the Consul General of Chile. In the aftermath of the murder attempt of Leon Trotsky Neruda, Nerudo granted a visa Chile to David Alfaro Siqueiros, a Mexican accused as one of the schemers to assassinate Trotsky. This led to his one month suspension with no pay. Come 1942 Neruda gave a series of talks courtesy of an invitation by the Ministry of education. During his stay in Cuba he heard of the demise of his close friend Miguel Hernandez in a Spanish prison. During this time, he did 2 poems â€Å"The lost shepherd† and â€Å"To Miguel Hernandez killed in the prisons of Spain† which were incorporated in â€Å"The grapes and the wind† and â€Å"Canto General† respectively. While on a trip Mexico he recited his poem â€Å"Song to Stalingrad† which commemorated the vital Russian triumph over the Nazis. This led to condemnation that he did a poem â€Å"New love song to Stalingrad†, both poems were incorporated in his book â€Å"Third Residence†. Neruda yet again did a violation on his diplomatic impartiality when at the funeral of Leocadia Felizardo, he recited his poem â€Å"Dura elegà ­a† thus making utterances that were deemed offensive to Getulio Vargas, the Brazilian dictator. Consequently, he resigned from his positioned and went back to Chile. While on board to Santiago, he visited the remains of Machu Picchu, which influenced him to write â€Å"Alturas de Machu Picchu† he wound up in 1945. He highly rated the undertakings done by ancient Andean civilization; at the same time he condemned the slavery that happened in a bid to accomplish such an exceptional edifice and their ensuing subjugation by the Spaniards. Return to Chile and the Communist Party 1944 Shortly after going back to Chile, Neruda was made senatorial candidate for the provinces of Tarapacà ¡ and Antofagasta in representation of the Communist Party of Chile. Despite not being a formal militant, he became part of the party shortly afterwards. He was engrossed in the campaigns and come 1945 he was elected Senator of the Republic. Come 1946 Gabriel Gonzales Videla was voted Chilean President in a coalition with the Communist Party. In the subsequent year, Gonzales Videla turned against the Communists and aligned himself with the U.S initiating a campaign in opposition to the communists. An aggressive repression of a miner’s strike in Lota influenced the poet to condemn President Gonzales Videla’s policy in a speech. He recited the names of the miners and their families who had been put behind bars. For the reason that Gonzales Videla barred the communist party newspaper â€Å"The Century† from operations, Nerudo did publishing of a letter â€Å"Intimate letter for millions of men† in a good number of Latin American nations. This communication criticized the government guiding principles against its people. The ruling regime accused Neruda of insult and of condescending Chile abroad and initiated the process of prosecution. Around this time he went into hideouts and regularly changed houses to evade capture. In the process he completed â€Å"Canto General†. Exile 1948 Come 1949 he went to Mexico where he took part in the Latin American Congress for Peace. While in Mexico, he suffered thrombophlebitis. A Chilean singe, Matilde Urrutia, was engaged to look after him leading to a love affair which lasted until his demise in 1973. The affair influenced him poetically as he wrote a good number of poems where Matilde Urritia featured prominently, most notably in â€Å"On hundred love sonnets†, â€Å"Estravagario†, â€Å"The Barcarolle, â€Å"The sea and the bells† and â€Å"The captain’s verses†. After 1953 going forward, her existence in the poet’s output becomes deeper. In the course of 1950 during his recuperation in Mexico â€Å"Canto General† was printed out in Mexico City with the first edition of five hundred copies. A clandestine edition was published in Chile by the communist party. At the end of the year he received the Stalin Prize for the Peace. Return to Chile 1952 Come 1952 he returned to Chile after three years in exile, this was possible considering the weakness of ruling regime as well as the support of the poet’s faction group made up of politicians and intellectuals. This period saw the publishing of â€Å"The captain’s verses†. The controversial nature of the book resulted into it being anonymously published; this was out of respect for his wife. Matilde Urrutia again featured prominently in poems in this book. 1959 from 1954 seven books were published; â€Å"Elementary odes†, â€Å"New elementary odes†, â€Å"Third book of odes†, â€Å"Extravagaria†, â€Å"Navigations and return†, â€Å"One hundred love sonnets† and â€Å"Grapes and the Wind†. â€Å"One hundred love sonnets† brings out Neruda’s affection for Matilde Urrutia, he eventually married her in 1966. Conclusion Neruda was terminally ill when he went back to Chile. As the contemporary administration collapsed, trials were instigated against his political followers, most of whom friends were imprisoned or were forced to seek asylum in other countries. His home in Isla Negra was broken into and his writings were damaged by the military police. In the meantime his health was failing at a rapid rate and was thus transferred to Santiago from Isla Negra. Neruda was bed ridden at Santa Marà ­a Clinic in Santiago and few afterwards he passed on due to heart failure. He was temporarily laid to rest in the mausoleum of the Fittborn family. Big crowds assembled at the cemetery in defiance of the measures of the military police where they paid their last respects to the greatest poet of all time.

Fractals and the Cantor Set :: Fractal Cantor Essays

Fractals and the Cantor Set Fractals are remarkable designs noted for their infinite self-similarity. This means that small parts of the fractal contain all of the information of the entire fractal, no matter how small the viewing window on the fractal is. This contrasts for example, with most functions, which tend to look like straight lines when examined closely. The Cantor Set is an intriguing example of a fractal. The Cantor set is formed by removing the middle third of a line segment. Then the middle third of the new line segments are removed. This is repeated an infinite number of times. In the end, we are left with a set of scattered points. These points have some very curious properties. First, there are an infinite number of them. In fact, there are so many points that no matter what list we create or what rule we apply, not all of the points will appear, even if our list is infinite. In other words, the set belongs to aleph-one. This is demonstrated through diagonalization. Here’s how—first one endpoint of the original line segment is labeled zero. The other endpoint becomes one. All the points in between are assigned fractional values. We can calculate more easily if we assign the values in tertiary, the base-three system. Unlike the common decimal system, the natural numbers are labeled 1, 2, 10, 11, 12, 20, 21, 22, 100, and so forth. Notice that the places of the digits represent the powers of three rather than the powers of ten. The â€Å"decimal places† represent 1/3, 1/9, 1/27, and so forth. The first removal takes out all points between .1 and .2. The second removal takes out all points between .01 and .02 as well as the values from .21 and .22. By continuing these specifications, all numbers that contain a â€Å"1† are removed, (except numbers ending in a one, such as .220021) and number containing merely twos and zeros are kept. The numbers ending in 1 are re-written by replacing the final 1 with 02222222222222†¦. because this is equal to 1 in tertiary. Suppose that we could somehow count all Cantor Set elements in one list. Then we could write out that list in order, one above the other. However, if we took the first decimal of the

Explain How Lady Macbeth Changes Throughout the Play Macbeth Essay

Shakespeare’s play â€Å"Macbeth† which is considered one of his darkest and most powerful tragedies, Lady Macbeth, a very important character, changed dramatically throughout the play. At first she appeared confident, assertive and the dominant partner. She was cold blooded and cruel but then she became nervous, scared and suicidal. Soon Macbeth and Lady Macbeths relationship starts to falter. She is the one who influenced and hurried Macbeth to kill Duncan so to have more power, so Macbeth could become king and they could be very wealthy and have a lot of power. At the beginning of the book Macbeth was awarded the position of Thane of Cawdor, but Lady Macbeth wanted more, she wanted to be powerful and rich which is why she and Macbeth decided to kill Duncan at their own house. â€Å"Stop up th’access and passage to remorse, That no compunctious visiting’s of nature, Shake my fell purpose nor keep peace between, Th’effect and it† (1.5. 42-45). This is Lady Macbeth asking to have no remorse or fear of what’s about to happen, she’s asking to have strength to carry on with her purpose and dare not stop it. â€Å"Come, thick night, And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell, That my keen knife see not the wound it makes, Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the dark, To cry, ‘Hold! Hold!’† (1.5.48-52). This quote means that she doesn’t want anyone to interfere with her purpose she wants to keep up with the plan and not let anybody or anything stop her. She seems very confident in herself, she’s asking for these things, strength, no remorse or fear but she is confident that her plan will work so long as nobody interferes. â€Å"Give me the daggers. The sleeping and the dead are but as pictures; ‘tis the eye of childhood, That fears a painted devil. If he do bleed, I’ll gild the faces of the grooms withal, For it must seem their guilt† (2.2.56-60). In this quote Lady Macbeth is saying to Macbeth that she will clean up and make it look like Duncan’s guards are the ones who killed him, she’s very assertive here and confident. She appears to be the dominant one because she is taking charge of the situation and finishing the deed. â€Å"Get on your night-gown, lest occasion call us, And show us to be watchers. Be not lost, So poorly in your thoughts† (2.2.73-75). Again in this quote you can really see how Lady Macbeth is taking charge and knows what she’s doing, Macbeth seems wracked with guilt and Lady Macbeth is helping him to see that he needs to act innocent.

Datil (Banana)Yucca essays

Datil (Banana)Yucca essays The Banana yucca, Spanish bayonet yucca, and Amole yucca are all names for the Datil Yucca. Yucca is a Caribbean name for the Cassava plant that originally was named yucca gloriosa. The name banana yucca also refers to the large fruits. When it is wet from rain the yuccas bloom all over the landscape. They look like large snowy-white candles. Another name for the Datil Yucca is,Our Lords Candles. Yuccas bloom each year while agaves bloom only once. The Datil Yucca is found in California, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah, and Mexico. It grows from four thousand seven hundred and twenty feet to six thousand six hundred and twenty feet in elevation. The Datil yucca has large, stout strap like leaves that are twelve inches to forty inches long, one inch to two inches wide, and are sharply pointed. The plant has very short stems, which may occur singly or clumped together. Leaves are arranged spirally at the base of the stem. Bell-shaped flowers, which grow in thick clusters during the spring, are one and half inches to three and one half inches long and are creamy white in color. The fruits are large, four inches to nine inches long, and fleshy at maturity. The pods contain flat, blackish seeds. The pueblo Indians utilized the Datil Yucca for food. The fleshy fruits were eaten green or dried and stored for winter consumption. Baked, the fruits have a flavor that is similar to potatoes. In some pueblos, the Datil pulp was mixed with berries and made into cakes that could be dried for winter use. The young flower stalks were also eaten, like asparagus. The seeds for reproduction are in the fruit pods. There is a specific pollinating moth species for each yucca species. The moth rolls pollen into a small ball and transfers it from plant to plant, pollinating the flower. Fibers came from the yucca leaf. Leaves were soaked in water, and then pounded with stones to separate the long fib ...

Free sample - Complex Congenital Heart Disease. translation missing

Complex Congenital Heart Disease. Complex Congenital Heart DiseaseComplex Congenital Heart Disease Congenital heart disease is a defect   or malformation in the structure of the heart or vessels that supply it with blood. This defect occurs as the fetus develops in the uterus and is therefore present at birth (Pampel, 2004). This defect   interferes with the normal flow of blood through the heart. Complex congenital heart disease requires immediate medical attention since it can be very fatal. Complex congenital heart disease can be attributed to both genetic and environmental factors. A pregnant woman who suffers rheumatic heart disease produces antibodies which act against the Ro and La auto antigens in the fetus (Pampel, 2004).   The part of the Ro antigen targeted by the antibodies from the mother is called p200 protein. The more the number of antibodies produced against this protein, the more the damage to the heart of the fetus. This antibody - antigen reaction causes the inflammation and subsequent calcification of the cardiac system of the fetus hence damaging the he art structure (Calnan, 1991). Researchers also have it that anti-seizure medication taken by a pregnant woman makes the fetus more vulnerable to congenital heart disease. Pregnant women who take lithium to treat depression, as well as those who have phenylketonuria (PKU) and do not strictly take the special diet prescribed to them predispose the fetus to the attack (Calnan, 1991). Women who contract   the Rubella virus and those who get vaccinated against the same stand higher chances of giving birth to children with CHD. Other studies indicate that this condition has autosomal-dominant inheritance meaning that mothers who have the condition stand about fifty percent chances of passing it to the child (Kaplan, 2002). A number of Chromosome abnormalities can also result to CHD. These include: Down syndrome, trisomy 18 and 13, turner’s syndrome, cri du chat syndrome, wolf – Hirsh horn syndrome   and Digeorge syndrome ( deletion 22q11). Genetic syndromes have also been shown to make one more vulnerable to the condition. These are: Marfan syndrome, Smith-lemli-optiz syndrome, Ellis-van Creveld, Holt- Oram syndrome, Noonan syndrome, and Mucopolysaccharidoses (Kaplan, 2002). Errors at any stage in the embryological development of the heart can result in   congenital heart disease.   This development occurs between the third and the ninth week of the gestation period (American Heart [AH], 2010). The heart is formed when a group of cells join to form sheets of tissue, which then join to form a tube whose growth results in the formation of the atria and ventricles (AH, 2010). The resulting tissue undergoes twists and turns while the atria, ventricles and truncus undergo septation.   The antrioventricular canal and conus align the portions of the heart in a manner that allows smooth blood flow. If any error occurs during this process, then heart complications such as the congenital heart disease result (AH, 2010). Incidences of congenital heart disease are on the rise according to recent studies. Data from researchers in the western industrialized world for instance indicate that the incidence of the condition has increased from about three to five per every one thousand live births to about twelve per every one thousand live births. Some researchers though argue that this increase can be attributed to technological advances which have seen the invention of more sensitive detection methods (AH, 2010).    Left to right shunts is the commonest physiology associated with congenital heart disease. This occurs when oxygenated blood   goes back to the lungs to get re-oxygenated. This return causes a redundancy in the circulation. This leads to an increased venous return from the lungs through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium as well as the left ventricle. This causes the left ventricle to experience volume overload (Larsen, 1993). In a nutshell, left to right shunt causes a volume overload on the left ventricle, as well as pulmonary circulation and reduced systematic output. Left to right shunt lesions   cause physiological alterations at the ventricular or great artery level. Congestive heart failure can occur between week two and six as a result of a decrease in pulmonary vascular resistances which is accompanied by an increase in systemic vascular resistances as well as physiological nadir in the hemoglobin (Larsen, 1993). Increased left to right blood shunting ultimately results to   pulmonary vasculature which causes hyperplasia of the vessel walls and subsequent hypertension (Kenneth, 1997). Ventricular septal defect is a defect which also occurs in patients with congenital heart disease. In this case, there is a left to right shunt across the ventricular level. During this shunting, blood from the left ventrical is ejected during systole to the pulmonary circulation. This blood causes a volume   overload   to the left atrium as well as the left ventricle (Kenneth, 1997). Patent ductus arteriosus   is characterized by a left to right shunt during systole and diastole from the aorta to the pulmonary artery. Owing to the presence   of   higher pressure in the aorta as compared to that in the pulmonary artery, the left to right shunt gets continuous.   This causes a volume overload on the left atrium as well as the left ventricle. A large degree of PDA results in pulmonary vascular disease (Larsen, 1993). Truncus arteriosus occurs whereby, the pulmonary arteries are joined to the aorta. Patients who suffer this condition experience higher occurrences of pulmonary hypertension and vascular disease (Larsen, 1993).    Right to left shunt occurs when the deoxygenated blood that goes to the lungs for oxygenation returns back to the body without reoxygenation. One condition associated with this is tetralogy of fallot. This is a condition occurring as a result of the presence of RV outflow obstruction. It results to a right to left shunt across the VSD (Hoffman, 2005). A person suffering from this condition is cyanotic as a result of paucity of pulmonary blood flow. This blood inadequacy results in a smaller left ventricle than the right one owing to a reduction in the pulmonary venous return (Hoffman, 2005). Congenital heart disease is discovered in some cases when the mother undergoes a ultrasound scan during pregnancy. Other cases are not discovered during this scan and therefore they   are discovered through symptoms when the baby is born (Hoffman,2005). In other cases still, the new born doesn’t   show symptoms of the condition until later years. Some people grow to adulthood without showing symptoms of the condition. Signs and symptoms of this disease include: recurrent lung infections, shortness of breath which is also rapid, fatigue especially during exercises, lack of appetite, low rate of weight gain, sweating while eating, weak pulse in babies and cyanosis color on the skin around the mouth, lips as well as the tongue (Niessen, 2008).    The diagnosis of congenital heart disease can be done before or after birth. Antenatal diagnosis is done through a fetal echocardiography which is a type of ultrasound scanner designed to create a picture of the sides of the heart chambers. This test is done   in the course of regular antenatal examinations which come during the 18th and 20th week of pregnancy (Niessen, 2008).   Post natal diagnosis is compulsory if the baby presents with some of the signs of the disease such as blue color around the lips, feeding problems, slow rate of growth, etc. methods used   during this diagnosis include: Electrocardiogram, a test that measures the heart’s electrical activity (Niessen, 2008). This method involves placing electrodes on the skin above the heart which are then connected to a computer. Electrical signals coming from the heart are then analyzed by the computer (Shanley, 2007). Chest x-ray can also be used to detect the disease. This x-ray basically examines if there is excess amount of blood in the lungs or if the heart size is normal. Excess blood in the lungs and a larger heart are signs of the disease (Shanley, 2007). Pulse oximetry is also a detection method that measures the amount of blood present in the child’s blood. A special sensor is placed in the child’s fingertip, ear or toe which sends out light waves. Absorption of the light waves is checked via a computer since the absorption behavior can indicate the oxygen levels in the blood (Shanley, 2007). Cardiac catheterization as a detection method seeks to find out blood pumping behavior. A catheter is inserted in one of the major blood vessels in the groin. Its then pushed to the heart though the assistance of x-rays or MRI scanners. Blood   pressure readings at different parts of the heart are then recorded by a small pressure monitor attached to the end of catheter (Larsen, 1993) . Treatment of this condition involves administering medicines which can make the heart beat regular incase its not.   The medicines basically mitigate the symptoms before an operation to fix the problem is administered. These medicines include a prostaglandin inhibitor administered to   a premature baby to assist in closing a patent ductus arteriosus (Niessen, 2008).   Heart catheterization   discussed under diagnosis can also be used to fix the problem. Surgery if necessary is advisable when the baby is strong enough to withstand it. Open heart surgery is carried out if the problem cannot be fixed using a catheter. This surgery aims at closing holes with the help of stitches or patches, repairing or replacing damaged heart valves, and   repairing complex defects (Niessen, 2008). If the problem is too severe to repair, a transplant is recommended. The heart to be used is normally obtained through a donation by   the family of a diseased child (AH, 2010). Nursing care for young ones with congenital heart disease involves basics such as feeding, giving medicines, watching and recording trouble signs, and encouraging them to get involved in their health care program (AH, 2010). Involving the child in the health care program would help them understand why they have a scar, why they need to take medicine, as well as the positive impact play can have to the general wellness of their heart. The child is also helped to understand the need to take certain nutrients such as boiled fish, Mediterranean diet and others which strengthen the heart (AH, 2010). There are several support groups throughout the world for children with heart diseases. Mended little hearts for instance is a support group that helps families with such children (AH, 2010). The Mary bridge child life department offers pre-operative tours for children as well as families scheduled for treatments such as heart catheterization, and cardiothoracic surgery. We also have care pages which are free, private, as well as personalized WebPages pages which patients can visit to obtain any form of advice and care required (AH, 2010). These pages are available at multicare facilities so patients can always keep in touch for any care needed. A patient can post a question as far as care is concerned which is replied with messages of support (AH, 2010). The following is a list of such websites which one can visit for information regarding children’s heart care,   diagnosis, treatment as well as support resources: American Heart Association, Children’s Heart Institut e, Children’s   Hospital Health System of Wisconsin, Children’s mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Congenital Heart Defect Online Hand   book, Congenital Heart Defects (Texas Heart Institute), Congenital Heart Defects ( Texas Heart Institute)- in Spanish, Congenital Heart Information Network, Heart Centre Online, and Heart Institute for Children (AH, 2010). Children with congenital Heart disease have a poorer quality life   than those who are healthy. Children with more severe complications have a   very bad physical and physiological quality of life. For instance, such children are advised against getting involved in certain type of exercises hence they are not free to interact with their peers in every thing. Such   children also end up with very poor psychological life as a result of limited social interactions with their peers (AH, 2010). In conclusion, this paper has discussed the etiology of congenital heart disease. Genetic factors causing the disease have included: rheumatic heart disease in the mother, Chromosome abnormalities, such as Down syndrome, trisomy 18 and 13, turner’s syndrome, cri du chat syndrome, wolf – Hirsh horn syndrome   and Digeorge syndrome ( deletion 22q11). Genetic syndromes have also been shown to make one more vulnerable to the condition. These have included : Marfan syndrome, Smith-lemli-optiz syndrome, Ellis-van Creveld, Holt- Oram syndrome, Noonan syndrome, and Mucopolysaccharidoses. Environmental factors leading to the disease have included: in take of substances such as lithium by the mother as well as Rubella virus. Embryology of the disease has also been discussed with errors in heart formation being linked to the disease. Incidences of the disease have been seen to rise with recent research indicating   about twelve incidences per every one thousand live births. The pathophysiology of the disease has been discussed with effects of both left to right and right to left shunts being analyzed. The effects have included but not limited to : pulmonary vascular disease, pulmonary vasculature which causes hyperplasia of the vessel walls, hypertension and   Congestive heart failure. Diagnosis methods have included both prenatal and post natal. Postnatal methods have included Electrocardiogram, Pulse oximetry, Chest x-ray, and Cardiac catheterization. Both medicinal and surgical procedures for treating the disease have been discussed. Support groups for patients with the disease have included: American Heart Association, Children’s Heart Institute, Children’s   Hospital Health System of Wisconsin, Children’s mercy Hospitals and Clinics, Congenital Heart Defect Online Hand   book, Congenital Heart Defects (Texas Heart Institute), Congenital Heart Defects ( Texas Heart Institute)- in Spanish, Congenital Heart Information Netw ork, Heart Centre Online, and Heart Institute for Children.   References Pampel, F. (2004). Progress against Heart Disease. London: Praeger . Calnan, M. (1991). Preventing Coronary Heart Disease: Prospects, Policies and Politics. New York: Routledge   Kaplan, H. (2002). The incidence of congenital heart disease. London: Oxford University Press Larsen, W. (1993). â€Å"Development of the Heart†. Human Embryology. London: Churchill Livingstone. Kenneth, J.(1997). Smith’s recognizable patterns of human malformation. 5th ed.   London: Routledge.   Hoffman, J. (2005). Essential Cardiology : Principles and Practice. Totowa: Humana Press Niessen, K. (2008). â€Å" Notch Signaling in Cardiac Development† Circulation Research. London: Oxford University Press Complex Congenital Heart Disease 12 Shanley, T. (2007). Pediatric critical care medicine: basic science and clinical evidence. London: Praeger .

The Four Different ResearchTheories & Differences and Similarities Assignment

The Four Different ResearchTheories & Differences and Similarities between theory and hypothesis - Assignment Example In the process of criminal research there are many things to consider in teaching people on criminal justice research. However, to be able to understand the plan in construction new crime prevention strategy city wide there are major points that require to be discussed. The main points that will be tackled for educational information will include definition of theories of inductive, deductive, axiomatic as well as grounded research theories (Ireland, Berg & Mutchnick, 2010). In addition, looking at all these theories, one can be considered to be more valid than the rest. There are a number of theories introduced in the criminal justice system and they all have differences and similarities that that make them separate entities in the field of criminal justice. Knowing the theories is one main point but being able to define the variables and their importance as theoretical schemes components is crucial to providing learning information to police captains. Key Differences between the Research Theories In this section, a generalization of the four theories will be given to gain a basic understanding of each one. Deductive reasoning takes general information and gives it a particular instance. An example of this kind of reasoning can be dogs sleep twelve hours a day. Understanding that this may be true for one dog, it can be concluded that that is also true for all dogs based on the fact that they have the same biology. Inductive reasoning involves taking well detailed facts and applying them to general principles. An example could be that all cows are spotted. Another example could be that every day the sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening. It can be said to be a simplified version of facts such as location, speed and viewpoints (Ireland, Berg & Mutchnick, 2010).... Deductive reasoning takes general information and gives it a particular instance. An example of this kind of reasoning can be dogs sleep twelve hours a day. Understanding that this may be true for one dog, it can be concluded that that is also true for all dogs based on the fact that they have the same biology. Inductive reasoning involves taking well detailed facts and applying them to general principles. An example could be that all cows are spotted. Another example could be that every day the sun rises in the morning and sets in the evening. It can be said to be a simplified version of facts such as location, speed and viewpoints (Ireland, Berg & Mutchnick, 2010). Grounded theory is a methodology that is systematic involving coming up with a theory from data that is gathered and available. It is mainly used when doing qualitative research, even though it can be applicable for quantitative data. In other words it is the scientific method that has been reversed. One starts by collec ting data in a variety of ways first then from the data gathered a hypothesis is proposed. Using the axiomatic research theory, the system is made up of any set of axioms or postulate in coming up with a proposition that has not been demonstrated or proven but is considered to be self evident or is known to be true without any proof. From this all or some of the axioms can be used together to come up with logically derived theorems. In other words the data is taken to be factual without having to necessarily prove it (Hagan, 2009). Which theory is more valid? Looking at the four theories the grounded theory can be considered to be more valid based on the methodology it uses. Its apparent ability to come up with theories by use of an inductive approach has put it forward as very relevant

Variables, Measurement, and Statistics Assignment

Variables, Measurement, and Statistics - Assignment Example The use of the above variables will help the nurse put the research into perspective for two groups, adults and other clients admitted to cardiac unit (Lash, Plonczynski, & Sehdev, 2012). In this particular research, it would be essential to measure these variables and record the values. The most suitable level of measurement would be ordinal, as this will help answer the PICOT question. Being that the research measures the likelihood of patients with congestive failure having nosocomial infections, ordinal measurement best fits the research. This is because the nurse is interested in the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of this attribute. This implies that using ordinal measurement will help the nurse collect and record the data in the most appropriate format (Adler & Parmryd, 2010). In ordinal measurement, the values the nurse will use in recording the findings will be of no numerical importance other than describing the occurrence (or non-occurrence) of a trait. A suitable statistical test to help answer the question is Pearson correlation coefficient. This correlation coefficient help determine the relation between two variables in question (Bishara, & Hittner, 2012). After the nurse collects data on the occurrence of nosocomial infections in both adults and other clients with congestive heart failure, it would be ideal for the nurse to correlate this variable for both groups. The correlation coefficient will then be useful in determining the likelihood of either group developing the infection. Adler, J., & Parmryd, I. (2010). Quantifying colocalization by correlation: the Pearson correlation coefficient is superior to the Manders overlap coefficient. Cytometry. Part A: The Journal of the International Society for Analytical Cytology, 77(8), 733-742. Bishara, A., & Hittner, J. (2012). Testing the significance of a correlation with nonnormal data: comparison of Pearson, Spearman, transformation, and resampling approaches. Psychological Methods, 17(3),